2006 and 2015 CCOT Labor Systems 1450-1900(Africa, Latin America/Caribbean, Russia, North America)

1450-1750

1750-1900

Global events leading to change and continuity Forces of change Forces of Continuity Industrialism ( enclosure movement and urbanization) Imperialism Factories (proletariat) Technologies (railroad,quinine,steamships,education, T.N.T, telegraphs, canals) Methods of agriculture (seed drill, guano, Palm oil, Opium) Capitalism ( H.S.B.C, United Fruit Company) and investment Labor Unions Enlightenment ( abolition of slavery, nationalism, suffragette movement, emancipation of the serfs) Popular sovereignty- nationalism Reform movements ( Tanzimat, Zaibatsu, Russification, Mejii Restoration) Role of military ( technology) Tradition and religion Farming ( everyone has to eat) Lack of reforms ( conservative unwillingness) Prevention of modernization by Western powers ( denying factories, education. Commerce Coercive labor ( slavery, indentured servitude, caste, labor migrations, convict labor) Patriarchy ( women’s vs men’s work, gender wage gap) military

Theses From 1750-1900 coercive labor in the Americas sought to end chattel slavery due to enlightened principles and new industrial labor forces, the birth of the proletariat would see urban opportunities for some with rights established by unions but indentured labor would continue as a source of new cheap coercive labor. From 1750-1900 in Africa , slavery would continue by the Ottoman Empire for agricultural and mining, merchants would still continue to value maritime trade routes, however the building of railroads would help “Western” powers to move males to cities while women would be burdened with more work. From 1750-1900 in South Asia the caste system would maintain an Indian labor system, subsistence agriculture would serve the majority of rural populations, however, Sepoy and Sikhs would gain labor as a military police force for the British. From 1750-1900 in Eastern Europe agricultural labor would maintain its importance due to the acquisition of new lands, however the emancipation of the serfs would see a rise in commercial labor and factory proletariat in industry. From 1750-1900 in East Asia, China’s economy would rely mostly on agricultural labor, however Japan’s Zaibatsu would engage in banking and commercial factory activity eventually leading to developing railroads and factory ( for women’s labor) From 1750 to 1914, Russia progressed from an agricultural state to a more industrial one, with the abolition of serfdom as a turning point. However, the slow transformation can be accounted for by certain continuities: whether agricultural or industrial, labor conditions were oppressive and exploitative, resulting in an unskilled and uneducated labor force. From 1750-1900 in North America, immigrant labor will still be utilized for the Development of infrastructure and most women were confined to the cult of Domesticity, however, new surplus populations from China would serve to Help with the development of the Trans-Continental railroad

Africa labor changed dramatically when European imperialists after the Berlin Conference exploited the labor systems of Africa to procure cash crops for industrial production African local collaborators would sign contracts to parcel out labor forces to build new ports and railroads to facilitate European Commercialization of Africa As men moved to cities, women would continue to performs the agricultural tasks essential for survival in subsistence farming. Replacing leadership through direct colonization provided little recourse for African labor to do anything otherwise since their economic productivity was governed by Europeans to get rubber(Congo), Coffee(Kenya) or diamonds and Gold (South Africa) Western Education, moral flexibility and a desire to grow more powerful led Some Africans and colonial settlers to coerce the laborers both native to Africa as well as India and China (coolies) as cheap labor The necessity to feed their families Sorghum, millet and sweet potatoes forced women to go on their own the intensive labor of agriculture