Large wind ripples on Mars: A record of atmospheric evolution

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Presentation transcript:

Large wind ripples on Mars: A record of atmospheric evolution by M. G. A. Lapotre, R. C. Ewing, M. P. Lamb, W. W. Fischer, J. P. Grotzinger, D. M. Rubin, K. W. Lewis, M. J. Ballard, M. Day, S. Gupta, S. G. Banham, N. T. Bridges, D. J. Des Marais, A. A. Fraeman, J. A. Grant, K. E. Herkenhoff, D. W. Ming, M. A. Mischna, M. S. Rice, D. Y. Sumner, A. R. Vasavada, and R. A. Yingst Science Volume 353(6294):55-58 July 1, 2016 Copyright © 2016, American Association for the Advancement of Science

Fig. 1 Eolian bedforms on Earth and Mars. Eolian bedforms on Earth and Mars. (A) Dunes and ripples at Oceano Dunes, California, United States (35.094960°N, –120.623476°E). (B) to (F) Dune in the Bagnold dune field, Gale crater, Mars, as shown from (B) a HiRISE image (ESP_035917_1755) and [(C) to (F)] the Curiosity rover. (C) Mastcam mosaic (mcam05410, sol 1192) showing small and large ripples on the dune. (D) Mastcam image (mcam05600, sol 1221) of large ripples with superimposed small ripples. (E) MAHLI 25-cm standoff image (1223MH0005550010403094C00, sol 1223), ~1 m off frame of (D) in the direction of the black circle and arrow. (F) 5-cm standoff image (1223MH0005560010403097C00, sol 1223) of the crest of a large ripple. M. G. A. Lapotre et al. Science 2016;353:55-58 Copyright © 2016, American Association for the Advancement of Science

Fig. 2 Distinct modes of eolian bedforms on Earth and Mars. Distinct modes of eolian bedforms on Earth and Mars. Bedform wavelength distribution on (A) Earth (n = 1473 bedforms), (B) Mars from orbit (n = 2430 bedforms; the shaded area is below the limit of detection), and (C) the Curiosity rover (n = 44 bedforms; the shaded area is constrained by perspective from the ground) (7). M. G. A. Lapotre et al. Science 2016;353:55-58 Copyright © 2016, American Association for the Advancement of Science

Fig. 3 Scaling of fluid-drag ripples. Scaling of fluid-drag ripples. Dimensionless bedform wavelength as a function of particle Reynolds number, Rep, and Shields stress, τ*, quantities that control fluid-drag ripple size (25) (current ripples, blue circles; theory, black line). In contrast to martian dunes (pink squares) and small martian ripples (orange triangles), large martian ripples [red diamonds, n = 7280 bedforms, measured over 36 locations globally, including our measurements (7) and those of (38); the red star indicates rover measurements at Gale crater] match fluid-drag ripple theory. Symbols are means and error bars represent standard deviations at a given measurement site; error bars are smaller than marker size where not shown. M. G. A. Lapotre et al. Science 2016;353:55-58 Copyright © 2016, American Association for the Advancement of Science

Fig. 4 Candidate wind-drag ripple stratification on Mars. Candidate wind-drag ripple stratification on Mars. (A) Mars Exploration Rover Panoramic Camera (39) image (P2441, sol 1212) of Cape St. Mary outcrop, Victoria crater, Mars. The white box shows the location of (B) decimeter-scale trough cross-strata and (C) an interpretation of stratal features from (B). (D) Uninterpreted (top) and interpreted (bottom) stratification produced by kinematic modeling of compound bedforms (29). Yellow lines represent surfaces scoured by dune troughs, red lines represent erosional surfaces produced by the migration of wind-drag ripples, and blue lines indicate wind-drag ripple cross-stratification. M. G. A. Lapotre et al. Science 2016;353:55-58 Copyright © 2016, American Association for the Advancement of Science