AP Biology Endocrine Systems.

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Presentation transcript:

AP Biology Endocrine Systems

Signal Transduction Pathway

Kinases “turn on” processes Phosphotases “turn off” processes

Simple endocrine pathway Basic Hormone Pattern Pathway Example Low blood glucose Stimulus Receptor protein Pancreas secretes glucagon ( ) Endocrine cell Blood vessel Target effectors Liver Response Glycogen breakdown, glucose release into blood Simple endocrine pathway

Remember the “hands” on cell membranes? (In GREEN)

LE 45-7 Hypothalamus Neurosecretory cells of the hypothalamus Axon Posterior pituitary Anterior pituitary HORMONE ADH Oxytocin TARGET Kidney tubules Mammary glands, uterine muscles

Cytokines IL 1 – Macrophage to Helper T IL2 – Helper T to B or Cytotoxic T

Polar versus Non-polar Hormone Signal Reception SECRETORY CELL SECRETORY CELL Hormone molecule Hormone molecule VIA BLOOD VIA BLOOD Signal receptor TARGET CELL TARGET CELL Signal transduction pathway Signal receptor OR Cytoplasmic response DNA Signal transduction and response mRNA DNA Nuclear response NUCLEUS Synthesis of specific proteins NUCLEUS Receptor in plasma membrane Receptor in cell nucleus

Examples of Negative Feedback Loops Hypothalamus TRH Anterior pituitary TSH Thyroid T3 T4

Positive Feedback Loop

Tropic Hormones of the PosteriorPituitary Hypothalamus Neurosecretory cells of the hypothalamus Axon Posterior pituitary Anterior pituitary HORMONE ADH Oxytocin TARGET Kidney tubules Mammary glands, uterine muscles

Tropic Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary Tropic Effects Only FSH, follicle-stimulating hormone LH, luteinizing hormone TSH, thyroid-stimulating hormone ACTH, adrenocorticotropic hormone Neurosecretory cells of the hypothalamus Nontropic Effects Only Prolactin MSH, melanocyte-stimulating hormone Endorphin Portal vessels Nontropic and Tropic Effects Growth hormone Hypothalamic releasing hormones (red dots) Endocrine cells of the anterior pituitary Pituitary hormones (blue dots) HORMONE FSH and LH TSH ACTH Prolactin MSH Endorphin Growth hormone TARGET Testes or ovaries Thyroid Adrenal cortex Mammary glands Melanocytes Pain receptors in the brain Liver Bones

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