Objective: Origin of Life and Classification Essential Question: How does science help us explain how all life came to be on Earth and how new discoveries have helped us to redefine the classification of organisms?

What role does molecular evidence play in determining how closely two species are related to each other? Bellringer: pg 144 ISN

For this two day lesson cycle you will use your own personalized menu as a way to keep track of the assignments that are expected of you. Some are whole group—and everyone will be required to complete them Some are small group Some are individual Some I have chosen for you and others you have choice options MENU LESSON

Origins of Life Words to Know Phylogeny—the evolutionary history for a group of organisms. Classification according to how organisms are related uses evidence from living species, the fossil record and molecular data. Cladogram—An evolutionary tree that proposes how species may be related through common ancestors. Derived Character—Traits that are shared by some organisms but not present in others. Nodes—Each place where a branch splits on a Cladogram Origins of Life Words to Know

Carolus Linnaeas—A Swedish botanist who derived a standardized way to classify living things. Taxon—A group of organisms in a classification system . The most basic taxon in the Linnaean System is SPECIES Binomial Nomenclature—A two part scientific naming system. In Latin. Uses the Genus name and the Species name. Genus is Capitalized; species is lowercase. Classification

Bellringer Top of Pg 147 ISN According to this Cladogram what characteristics would you expect the Tuna to have? The Turtle?

Linnaean Classification REVIEW QUESTIONS The correct order for the levels of Linnaeus’s classification system, from general to specific, is kingdom, species, class order, family, genus, phylum. kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species. phylum, kingdom, family, class, order, genus, species. species, genus, kingdom, family, order, class, phylum. 2. Which of the following is correctly written in the binomial nomenclature system? Canis lupus Red wolf Ailurus Fulgens kingdom 3. Which of the following taxa would generally contain the most members? order species phylum class Linnaean Classification REVIEW QUESTIONS

Origins of Life Bellringer: Pg 153 in your ISN What are the essential ingredients for life as we know it? Can you remember the important organic molecules? Origins of Life Bellringer: Pg 153 in your ISN

DOMAINS and KINGDOMS Classification is always a work in progress New findings can lead scientists to change how they classify living things REVIEW VOCAB: PROKARYOTES vs EUKARYOTES HETEROTROPH vs AUTOTROPH DOMAINS and KINGDOMS

Changes in the Kingdoms 2 kingdom system was accepted by scientists until 1866 when German biologist proposed moving all single celled organisms to Protist group. In 1938 American biologist Herbert Copeland argued that prokaryotes deserved their own kingdom, called Monera, based on whether to not they had membrane bound nuclei/organelles In 1959 American ecologist Robert Whittaker proposed that because of how they feed, fungi should have their own kingdom apart from plants. In 1977 rRNA research by Carl Woese reveled two genetically different groups of prokaryotes—leading to a split in that kingdom. Scientists split that kingdom in two—Bacteria and Archaea Changes in the Kingdoms

DOMAINS are added to taxonomy Woese’s findings led to the discovery that these organisms, Bacteria and Archea were so genetically different that the other kingdoms that a whole new taxonomy level was added— DOMAIN DOMAINS are added to taxonomy

The domain Bacteria include single celled prokaryotes The domain Bacteria include single celled prokaryotes. They are the largest group of organisms on earth. There are more bacteria in one persons mouth than there are people that ever lived! Bacteria can be classified based on many traits— examples: Shape, need for oxygen and whether or not they cause disease. BACTERIA

Like Bacteria Archaea are also single celled prokaryotes Like Bacteria Archaea are also single celled prokaryotes. However their cell wall chemistry is very different. Archaea can live in very extreme conditions such as Deep Sea Vents, Hot Geysers, Antarctic waters and salt lakes ARCHAEA

EUKARYOTES All organisms with Eukaryotic cells They have a distinct nucleus and membrane bound organelles. They may be single celled like most protists, or live in colonies like algea or multicellular like you. The DOMAIN Eukarya contains 4 kingdoms—Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia EUKARYOTES

YOUR ASSIGNMENT RESEARCH THE KINGDOMS Choose a group of three other students. Together you will learn about the 4 KINGDOMS Each one of you will choose a specialty Kingdom and research it in the text book and follow the directions on your handout about creating a poster to teach the other members of your group. After 30 minutes you will return to your group and teach the others about your kingdom. Each student will take notes into their ISN following the template on the board. YOUR ASSIGNMENT