Jean-Louis Weber Spatial Analysis Group European Environment Agency WORKSHOP "Preliminary definition by CNES of a space system dedicated to GMES land applications and services" Thursday 24 March 2005, CNES Headquarters, Paris EEA’s requirements for European assessments of the Environment Jean-Louis Weber Spatial Analysis Group European Environment Agency Thursday 24 March 2005 CNES – GMES meeting

EEA in the GMES “diamond” as in COM(2004) 65 final Assessments Data service EIONET REPORTNET European User Information system, GIS, Environmental Accounts Scenarios Thursday 24 March 2005 CNES – GMES meeting

EEA’s requirements for European assessments of the Environment A satellite for Europe Spatial/spectral resolution SPOT/LAND type Enhanced MERIS / MIR & Multi Angular Viewing Temporal resolution Daily Data access & service Free access Pre-processed products / 1 day - 10 days - 1 month synthesis Periodical European-wide coverage Thursday 24 March 2005 CNES – GMES meeting

EEA’s expectations to space monitoring for European assessments Secure the continuation of Corine land cover (the backbone of the system) High resolution, medium infrared, free access pre-processed data, EU full coverage 5 years Supply assessment of texture/ structure elements: Parcel borders and small linear features: same as 1, enhanced panchromatic Vegetation structure of forests & open landscape: medium resolution, multi-angle imaging Permanent monitoring of: Vegetation, phenological cycles Primary & ecosystem productivity Water in soil, irrigation Temporary humidity, wetlands Conversions pasture-arable land Floods, storms, forest fires Medium resolution (300m), medium infrared, 10 days synthesis Monitoring of main land cover change between 2 CLCs Aggregated land cover accounts, not the full CLC resolution (tests with GLOBCOVER2005) Medium resolution (300m), EU full coverage 3 years Support to European Neighbourhood (Pan-Eur. & Medit.) and Global Solidarity policies Same as 4, every 5 years  Medium resolution (300m), World full coverage 5 years Development of targeted land services & coordination with the European perspective (risk based data management) Multiple requirement Thursday 24 March 2005 CNES – GMES meeting

Main policy focus 6th EAP & most thematic strategies Water framework directive: river basin management, ecological monitoring Natura 2000: pressure by land use, connectivity… Biodiversity: ecosystem based approach Land planning: ESDP/ESPON, ICZM, Urban strategy, Regional policies, transport Agriculture-environment Sustainable development: Natural Capital issue Access to European pertinent environmental information by all levels of governance and citizens Focus on priorities: “risk based data collection” Thursday 24 March 2005 CNES – GMES meeting

Integrated spatial assessment at the EEA Land use systems: urban, agriculture, forestry, transport… Ecosystems: wetlands, dry grasslands, forests, agro-ecosystems, water ecosystems… Water systems (water bodies): groundwater, rivers, lakes, coastal water… Landscapes where 1, 2, 3 interact: landscape types, ecological corridors… Data assimilation with GIS (CLC, WISE, INSPIRE…) Environmental accounting (physical & monetary) Stratification(s) of site monitoring data Data modelling Thursday 24 March 2005 CNES – GMES meeting

Spatial integration of data on land cover & Natura 2000 Ecological corridors are fragmented by roads, railways, dams, and urban sprawl, which partition Natura2000 sites from other sites and ecosystems. In addition to losses of habitats, species trend to be isolated and therefore endangered. Urban sprawl over semi-natural land Spatial integration of data on land cover & Natura 2000 Legend Natura 2000 sites Landscape Natural Potential Total urban sprawl Roads Main message: Ecological corridors are fragmented by roads, railways, dams, and urban sprawl, which partition Natura2000 sites from other sites and ecosystems. In addition to losses of habitats, species trend to be isolated and therefore endangered. Source: EEA/Corine land cover 1990-2000/ Land Accounts Project Provisional results Thursday 24 March 2005 CNES – GMES meeting

Integration in SEEA’s Land & Ecosystem Accounts Land use economic & social functions Artificiality of land Intensity of use Production & Consumption Natural Assets Population Infrastructures & Technologies Soil Flora & Fauna Water system Atmosphere/ Climate Ecosystem services potentials Integrity, health & viability Vulnerability LAND USE ACCOUNTS ECOSYSTEM ACCOUNTS CORE LAND COVER ACCOUNT Thursday 24 March 2005 CNES – GMES meeting

Land and ecosystem accounts… …measure stocks as well as change due to gains and losses (flows) …are made of Land Cover Accounts Land Use Accounts Ecosystem Accounts Land cover account, Comunidad de Madrid, 1990-2000 Source: Corine land cover 1990-2000 Land COVER accounts are implemented at the EEA from CLC2000 …are part of the UN system of environmental & economic accounting Thursday 24 March 2005 CNES – GMES meeting

Individual v.s. geo-statistical monitoring/ accounting (courtesy Danube Delta National Institute) WETLANDS 1990 OF N-W EUROPE EEA/ETCTE Thursday 24 March 2005 CNES – GMES meeting

Individual v.s. geo-statistical monitoring/ accounting For Europe, about 150 000 urban zones... MOLAND monitors 50 cities at present Legend: Urban fabric Green urban area 500 m belt Copenhagen: green urban areas and the 500m belts around them (courtesy MOLAND/ JRC IES) ...of which 900 urban morphological zones > 50 000 inhab. UMZ 1990 > 50 000 inhabitants – EEA / ETCTE Thursday 24 March 2005 CNES – GMES meeting

Stratification issue: “natural length scales” Space/time dynamics of a system Noise vs. signal, monitoring of trends Improved correlations Space CLC & CLC change as a spatial infrastructure Other geographical infrastructure: rivers, catchments, NUTS/LAU, transport, soil… (INSPIRE) Landscape modelling Targeted land cover mapping large scale): cities, protected areas… Time Time cycles: 1 day, 10 days, 1 month, 1 season, 1 year, 3 years, 10 years, 30 years… Short cycles matter: meteorology, soil humidity, phenology… Thursday 24 March 2005 CNES – GMES meeting

N surplus calculation (based on Agri-stats, CLC and Ifen /EEA model) Spatial stratification and modelling (e.g., N surplus calculation vs. strata) N surplus calculation (based on Agri-stats, CLC and Ifen /EEA model) DF, national criteria and thresholds Key message: landscape patterns is one information that does not necessarily reflects actual pressure Drivers are used to design network because they are stable vs. Water composition. Hence, a monitoring point belong to the same stratum during a long period. On the contrary, pressures (emissions for example) may vary rapidly within a stratum, because WWTP are installed and operated. The maps show clearly that intense agriculture (driver) and surplus (pressure) does not match precisely, because livestock number, agricultural practices, etc. are not in total harmony. This is the case illustrated by the three arrows: In Brittany, surplus and potential pressure do match. In North of central mountains, high livestock potential pressure does not result in surplus because the way of breeding In the Roussilon coastal area, despite low potential pressure, local high surplus densities are observed. A complementary way to compare results (state / impact) with pressures is to combine flux (mass loads) and emissions and reconcile loads from both sources. Stratification (with Agri.Stats, CLC & Population) Thursday 24 March 2005 CNES – GMES meeting

Time stratification: e.g. water resource/demand Mean annual values may tell the same stories (i.e. no water shortage in the river)… … for very different conditions. Variability matters… Thursday 24 March 2005 CNES – GMES meeting

Integration of space monitoring into ecosystem accounting: CLC as a directory x structure/texture stratification x short time variability Vegetation productivity, seasonal change (MERIS/JRC-IES) Fires Droughts (SPOT4-Vegetation/ CNES – Vito) Forest structure (MODIS-Multi-angle/JRC-IES) Texture, parcelisation changes 1988 – 1998 (Landsat/JRC-IES) Thursday 24 March 2005 CNES – GMES meeting

Integrated land cover, land use and ecosystem monitoring & accounting – a nested approach T T+3 T+7 T+10 1/100 000 Corine Land Cover (EU/Countries, Regions, Basins, Ecological corridors) 1/500 000 (LC main trends, Vegetation & Humidity + Pan-European, Global …) Fauna, Flora, Physico-Chemical parameters Socio- Economic Statistics In situ monitoring 1/25 or 10 000 (Cities, Natura2000 sites, coastal zones, risk areas) Thursday 24 March 2005 CNES – GMES meeting

“Do the proposed space solutions fulfil the European user requirements Thursday 24 March 2005 CNES – GMES meeting