Nationalism Around the World Chapter 18 Nationalism Around the World

Section 1 – Nationalism in the Middle East QOD – What important force led to the fall of the Ottoman Empire? Objective – Describe the Ottoman decline, the modernization of Turkey and Iran, and how Arab nationalism was affected by Jewish immigration to Palestine.

Decline and Fall of the Ottoman Empire The size and power of the Ottoman Empire decreased at the end of the 1700s. 1800s- Ottoman rule ended in North Africa and Greece. Much of its territory was lost in Europe 1876- Ottoman reformers adopted a constitution that would form a legislature, but the sultan Abdulhamid II ruled by himself. Young Turks- a group of reformers forced the restoration of the constitution in 1908. Many Turks pressed for an independent Turkish state

Decline and Fall of the Ottoman Empire In WWI, the Ottomans sided with Germany, so the British attacked Ottoman Arab states. Britain convinced the Arabs to revolt against Ottoman rule. Arabia declared its independence and the Ottomans made peace with the Allies

Decline and Fall of the Ottoman Empire During WWI, Armenians were the victims of genocide at the hands of the Ottoman govt. because Armenians sought independence. Genocide- deliberate mass murder of a particular racial, political, or cultural group The Allies denounced it but did nothing to prevent the acts from happening. A similar act in 1993-1996 in the Bosnian War would later be called ethnic cleansing

Decline and Fall of the Ottoman Empire At the end of WWI, the Ottoman Empire collapsed. Turkey was all that remained under Ottoman control. Turkish leaders decided to form a new Republic of Turkey.

The Modernization of Turkey Mustafa Kemal, known as Ataturk became president of Turkey and wanted to transform it into a modern state. Ataturk made reforms in Turkish society and most remained in effect after his death Eliminating Arabic elements from the Turkish language, adopting Roman alphabet, forcing people to have last names Established factories & directed the economy

The Modernization of Turkey Ataturk wanted Turkey to be secular, one that rejects religious influences in politics. Abolished the caliphate and forbade men to wear the fez, traditional Turkish Muslim hat Forbade Islamic customs of women wearing veils New laws gave women equal marriage and inheritance rights Turks could join non-Islamic religions

The Beginnings of Modern Iran Modernization was taking place in Persia 1908- oil was discovered-oil exports rose-most profit went to British The foreign presence gave rise of a native Persian nationalist movement.

The Beginnings of Modern Iran 1921- Reza Khan led the military and seized the Persian capital city. 1925- Reza Khan became shah, or king. He was called Reza Shah Pahlavi. He tried to follow the example of Ataturk. He reformed and modernized the govt., military, & economic system. 1935- Persia was renamed Iran.

Arab Nationalism The Arabs were united by language & religion, but had no nation. After WWI, they were promised independence, but Britain and France created & controlled the Arab mandates: Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, and Syria. Some leaders did speak out for Arab unity and formed the kingdom of Saudi Arabia in 1932. 1930s- oil was discovered in Saudi Arabia and it flooded with Westerners. The kingdom became very wealthy.

The Problem of Palestine Great Britain controlled Palestine after WWI. Balfour Declaration- 1917, issued by Britain and supported the idea of a national home for Jewish people in Palestine Jews flocked to Palestine as the Nazis increased persecution in Europe. Since Palestine was mostly Muslim, tensions increased between the Jews and Muslims.

Section 2 – Nationalism in Africa and Asia QOD – How was communism received in Asia? Objective – Describe the development of the African and Indian independence movements, religious conflict in India, the rise of militarism in Japan, and the spread of communism in Asia.

Movements toward Independence in Africa Black Africans had fought WWI for the British and French, but their independence after the war was not met. Africans became politically active and sought reforms that would allow them the same ideals of liberty and equality

Movements toward Independence in Africa Many of the African people started acting out in protest Colonial powers would respond to the revolts with force. Sometimes they made reforms hoping to quiet the African people. By the 1930s, new African leaders emerged and insisted on independence, reforms were not enough.

Movements toward Independence in Africa Many of these new leaders were educated abroad and influenced by: W.E.B. Du Bois- leader of a movement that tried to make all Africans aware of their own cultural heritage Marcus Garvey- stressed the need for the unity of all Africans, a movement known as Pan-Africanism

The Movement for Indian Independence Mohandas Gandhi had been active in the independence movement to end British rule in India. He insisted on nonviolent protests to achieve his goals. Civil disobedience- the refusal to obey laws considered to be unjust

The Movement for Indian Independence British troops killed many unarmed protesters and Gandhi was arrested. Gandhi continued his protests once out of jail. He maintained nonviolence acts. Advocated noncooperation such as not buying cloth from Britain and govt. made salt. He told Indians not to pay taxes. The British raised the tax on salt and forbid Indians from harvesting their own.

The Movement for Indian Independence 1930-The Salt March- Gandhi’s march to the sea to protest new British taxes and restrictions on salt. Gandhi defied the British by picking up salt. He and others were arrested.

The Movement for Indian Independence Both shared the same goal, but the division caused uncertainty of the future of India. Jawaharlal Nehru- emerged as a leader in Indian politics. He represented the modern, secular, and Western. Gandhi represented the traditional, religious and Indian path. Another division in Indian politics was between the Hindus and Muslims.

The Rise of Militarist Japan Japan adopted many Western aspects and became prosperous and industrial. The zaibatsu were large financial and industrial corporations. They gradually developed into vast companies that controlled major segments of the Japanese industrial sector.

The Rise of Militarist Japan Wealth became concentrated among few. Food shortages, inflation, and other problems led to riots and unrest. The Great Depression had a severe impact on workers and farmers. Traditionalists wanted a return for the old Japanese customs.

The Rise of Militarist Japan In the early 1900s Japan had trouble finding sources of raw materials and foreign markets so they expanded their territory before WWI. The U.S. wanted to keep Asia open for trade so they produced a treaty that recognized China’s territorial integrity and the Open Door Policy. In return Japan was allowed to control southern Manchuria.

The Rise of Militarist Japan In the 1920s Japan had tried to use economic & diplomatic means to realize Asian interests. The policy was unpopular and new industries developed in Japan. Japan needed new sources of raw material to run them.

The Rise of Militarist Japan At the end of the 1920s problems arose that led to a rise in militarism. A group within the ruling party gained control. 1930s- extremist patriotic organizations emerged, some as part of the military. Black Dragon Society- Japanese extremist patriotic organization 1931- Manchuria was invaded by an extremist group of middle-level Japanese army officers acting without govt. approval

The Rise of Militarist Japan Military and other supporters of Japanese expansion dominated the govt. Japan was on wartime status & in 1938 military draft began. The govt. controlled all economic resources. Labor unions were disbanded. Only one political party. Western ideas were gone. Traditional Japanese values arose again.

Nationalism and Revolution in Asia Lenin had determined to spread communism to the outside world. Communist International was a worldwide organization for Communist parties. By the end of the 1920s almost all Asian countries had a Communist party. The success of them varied greatly. China had the strongest Communist-nationalist alliance.

Section 3 – Revolutionary Chaos in China QOD – Against whom were the Nationalists and Chinese Communist Parties aligned? Objective – Discuss the Nationalist and Communist alliance to oppose warlords and drive the imperialist powers out of China, the violent end of that alliance, Mao’s “Long March,” and Chiang Kai-shek’s effort to create a “new China.”

Nationalists and Communists Marxism had its greatest impact in China. By 1920, two political forces emerged to challenge the Chinese govt. Sun Yat-sen’s Nationalist Party Chinese Communist Party 1923- parties joined together to drive out the Chinese warlords and the imperialist powers 1926- took control of all of China south of Chang Jiang.

Nationalists and Communists Eventually the Nationalists and Communists came into conflict. After Sun Yat-sen died, Chiang Kai-shek became the Nationalist leader. He killed thousands of Communists in the Shanghai Massacre. The Communist-Nationalist alliance ended

The Communists in Hiding After the Shanghai Massacre, the Communist leaders went into hiding in Shanghai. They revived the Communist movement. Mao Zedong was convinced that the Chinese revolution would come from the rural peasants and not the working class.

The Communists in Hiding Chiang Kai-shek was able to push the Communist leaders out of Shanghai. They joined Mao in the south. The Nationalists attacked the Communists, but Mao used guerrilla tactics to fight the larger Nationalist army. Guerrilla tactics- using unexpected maneuvers like sabotage and subterfuge to fight the enemy

The Long March 1933- Chiang’s army surrounded the Communists Mao’s army, People’s Liberation Army, broke through Nationalist lines. Mao led his troops 6,000 miles to northwestern China and reached the last Communist base. – The Long March Mao became the undisputed leader of the Chinese Communist Party

The New China of Chiang Kai-shek After the Long March, the Communist threat seemed to be over. Chiang Kai-shek was trying to build a new nation. He vowed to form a republican govt. but he felt that the Chinese would need a transitional form of govt. to prepare them for a democratic state.

The New China of Chiang Kai-shek Chiang instituted a period of political training. Nationalists tried to dictate land reforms and to modernize industry. The Chinese were not ready for reforms. 80% were poor peasants and the growing middle class took on Western values and did not care about the needs of peasants.

The New China of Chiang Kai-shek Chiang tried to blend modern Western industrialization with traditional Confucian values. Chiang and his wife created the “New Life Movement”. It promoted traditional Confucian values while rejecting excessive individualism of Western capitalism.

The New China of Chiang Kai-shek Chiang was less successful with land reform. He avoided the redistribution of wealth- the shifting of assets from a rich minority to a poor majority. Chiang Kai-shek did not press for programs that would lead to a redistribution of wealth because he did not want to lose the support of the rural landed gentry, as well as the urban middle class.

Section 4 – Nationalism in Latin America QOD – What was the Good Neighbor policy? Objective – Describe the U.S. investment in Latin America, the Good Neighbor policy, the impact of the Depression, and the move to authoritarianism in Latin America.

The Latin American Economy In the early 1900s, the economy of Latin America was based primarily on the export of food products and raw materials. In the 1920s the U.S. became the biggest investor in Latin America. They put funds directly into production and ran companies themselves.

The Latin American Economy Latin American export industries became owned by companies from the U.S. Many Latin Americans were angered by U.S. control. They saw the U.S. as an imperialist power. The U.S. also intervened in their military.

The Latin American Economy 1935- President Franklin Roosevelt announced the Good Neighbor Policy toward Latin America. It rejected the use of military force in Latin America

The Latin American Economy and the Great Depression The Great Depression had a terrible impact on the Latin American economy. Latin American exports were no longer in demand. Nations that usually imported these goods were suffering from depression. One positive effect was that many Latin American govts. encouraged the production of goods that were formally imported. This had the potential to increase economic independence of Latin America. Heavier industries often were financed and then run by govts.

The Move to Authoritarianism During the 1930s, more countries adopted authoritarian govts. Unrest caused by the economic hardships of the Great Depression led leaders to exercise stricter controls. Three examples: Brazil, Mexico, Argentina

The Move to Authoritarianism Argentina was controlled by an oligarchy- a govt. where a select group of people exercise control The oligarchy was composed of wealthy land owners ,who ignored the growing middle class & the importance of industry and cities Hipolito Irigoyen- 1916, the leader of the Radical Party and was elected president of Argentina

The Move to Authoritarianism Brazil had a republican govt. since 1889. Wealthy plantation owners who grew coffee controlled the govt. As long as coffee prices were high, the oligarchy stayed in power. Getulio Vargas- ruler of Brazil from 1930-1945 He appealed to workers at first by having 8 hour workdays and minimum wage, but faced opposition when he made himself dictator

The Move to Authoritarianism The Mexican Revolution was the first important attempt to overthrow oligarchy in Latin America. 1934- Lazaro Cardenas became president of Mexico. He was cheered by Mexicans as the president who had stood up to the U.S. Redistributed land to the peasants and took a strong stand with the U.S., esp. over oil.

The Move to Authoritarianism Mexico paid for the property, but kept control of the oil fields. PEMEX- a national oil company set up to run the oil industry in Mexico.

Culture in Latin America Diego Rivera was a Mexican artist who had studied in Europe. He sought to create national art that would portray Mexico’s past, as well as Mexican festivals and folk customs.