The “Deep Structure” - HISTORY Chapter 4

History (by country) as an Institution • What a culture seeks to remember and pass on tells you about the character of the culture • Many present-day conflicts extend back centuries • Provides guidance in daily life

History: United States Mixed English & new beliefs: Individuality Lack of Formality Violence & Wars Manifest Destiny Change & Progress “Life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.”

History: Russia Largest country in the world “Mother Russia” Much plundering historically Outsider distrust Autocratic Rule People and their land Performing / Cultural Arts Country in Transition

History: China Oldest continuous civilization (1.3 billion people) Enormous pride in history Physical & Cultural Isolation Self Perception of Superiority “Clan & Family” more important than State Value Merit and Learning

History: India Largest Democracy (1.1 billion, 2000 ethnicities, 18 languages) Buddhism, Hinduism arose; Islam arrived, creating communal hatred British rule ends 1947: India (Hindu) & Pakistan (Muslim) split Rise in global economy, but wide disparity

History: Mexico Very conscious of their past Pre-Columbian period: (300 BC – 1519 AD) Spanish Conquest (1519 AD) Cortes brings killings, disease, slavery, & horses Catholicism Rigid social class structure Independence (1821 – 1824)

History: Mexico Mexican – American War (1846) Revolution! (1910) Ended Feudalism & Peonage Many consider this the real Mexican Independence Modern Mexico

History: Islamic Civilization Pakistan Flag Second largest religion worldwide 13 Centuries of History! Our Focus: Middle East (but much more than time permits)

History: Islamic Civilization Pakistan Flag Mohammad dies (632) No Successor named “Caliphs” take over Schism: “Sunni” vs. “Shiite” Jerusalem - Turmoil & the “Turks” Muslims Today – Pride & Humiliation