NOMENCLATURE OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS NOMENCLATURE : Nomen = Name Calare = to call CHEMICAL NOMENCLATURE is the naming of substances INORGANIC COMPOUNDS composed of elements other than carbon. Associated with the nonliving portion of the world.

NOMENCLATURE OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS Ionic compounds Molecular compunds Acids

NAMING IONIC COMPOUNDS: CATIONS Cations made up of metal atoms have the same name as the metal. Na+ = sodium ion Zn2+ = zinc ion Al3+ = aluminum ion If a metal can form cations of different charges, the positive charge is given by roman numbers into brackets following the name of the metal Fe2+ = iron (II) ion Cu+ = copper (I) ion Fe3+ = iron (III) ion Cu2+ = copper (II) iron

NAMING IONIC COMPOUNDS: CATIONS Ions with different charges exhibit different properties, such as color. Most of the metals that have variable charges are transition metals. Applying –ous and –ic. The endings represent the lower and higher charged ions, respectively. Fe2+ = ferrous ion Cu+ = cuprous ion Fe3+ = ferric ion Cu2+ = cupric iron

NAMING IONIC COMPOUNDS: CATIONS Cations formed from nonmetals have names that end in -ium. NH4+ = ammonium ion H3O+ = hydronium ion

IONIC CHARGES OF REPRESENTATIVE ELEMENTS

FORMULAS AND NAMES OF COMMON CATIONS

NAMING IONIC COMPOUNDS: ANIONS Mono atomic anions have names formed by replacing the ending of the name of the element with -ide H- = hydride ion O2- = oxide ion N3- = nitride ion Poly atomic anions containing oxygen have names ending in –ate or –ite. These are called oxyanions. NO3- = nitrate ion SO42- = sulfate ion NO2- = nitrite ion SO32- = sulfite ion

NAMING IONIC COMPOUNDS: ANIONS Prefixes are used when the series of oxyanions of an element extends to four members, as with halogens. ClO4- = perchlorate ion, Cl (VII+) ClO3- = chlorate ion, Cl (V+) ClO2- = chlorite ion, Cl (III+) ClO- = hypochlorite ion, Cl (I+) The prefix per- indicates one or more oxygen atoms than the oxyanion ending in –ate. SO52- = peroxomonosulfate ion

NAMING IONIC COMPOUNDS: ANIONS Anions derived by adding a H to an oxyanion are named by adding as a prefix the word hydrogen or dihydrogen. CO32- = carbonate ion HCO3- = hydrogen carbonate ion PO43- = phosphate ion H2PO4- = dihydrogen phopsphate ion

COMMON POLYATOMIC ANIONS

NAMING IONIC COMPOUNDS: IONIC COMPOUNDS Names of ionic compounds consist of the cation name followed by the anion name. CaCl2 = calcium chloride Al(NO3)3 = aluminum nitrate Cu(ClO4)2 = copper (II) or cupric perchlorate

NAMING IONIC COMPOUNDS: ACIDS An acid is a substance whose molecules yield hydrogen ions (H+) when dissolved in water (BrØnsted-Lowry).

NAMING IONIC COMPOUNDS: ACIDS Acid based on anions whose names end in –ide have associated acids that have the hydro- prefix and –ic ending. Cl- → HCl(aq) = hydrochloric acid S2- → H2S(aq) = hydrosulfuric acid

NAMING IONIC COMPOUNDS: ACIDS Acid based on anions whose names end in –ate have associated acids with an –ic ending, whereas anions whose names end in –ite are related to acids with an –ous ending. Prefixes in the name of the anion are retained in the name of the acid. ClO4- = perchlorate ion → HClO4 = perchloric acid ClO3- = chlorate ion → HClO3 = chloric acid ClO2- = chlorite ion → HClO2 = chlorous acid ClO- = hypochlorite ion → HClO = hypochlorous acid

NAMING NON IONIC COMPOUNDS Similar rules to those used for naming ionic compounds. The name of the element farthest to the left in the periodic table is usually written first. EXCEPTION: compounds that contain oxygen, oxygen always written last. If both elements are in the same group in the periodic table, the lower one is named first. The name of the second element is given an –ide ending.

NAMING NON IONIC COMPOUNDS Greek prefixes are used to indicate the number of atoms of each element. Mono- is never used with the first element. The prefix ends in a or o, if the name of the second element begins with a vowel, the a or o drops. Cl2O = dichlorine monoxide NF3 = nitrogen trifluoride N2O4 = dinitrogen tretoxide. P4S10 = tetraphosphorous decasulfide