Fig. 3 Length modulates flow pattern.

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Fig. 3 Length modulates flow pattern. Length modulates flow pattern. (A) As cell body length increases, the probability of observing different flow patterns changes from that of E. coli–like, periodic reversals (blue) to B. subtilis–like, stable vortices (red). Sporadic droplets (gray) are more common at transitional lengths, and single vortices (purple) are uncommon across all lengths. (B) Flow field of a droplet containing 5.9-μm-long E. coli, showing a flow pattern with counterrotation at the boundary (light blue), reminiscent of the flows produced by B. subtilis. The counterflow arrows are not drawn to scale. (C) Azimuthal velocity as a function of radial position. Counterrotation at the periphery increases with cell length, and the location of the peak velocity shifts inward toward the center of the droplet. The half-period of periodically reversing E. coli droplets does not depend on (D) bacterial cell length, (E) droplet diameter, or (F) medium viscosity. (D to F) Numbers above the data points are the sample size. (E) Data points represent the average value for droplets with diameters within ±5 μm of the data point. The correlation between the half-period and the diameter (E) is not significant (P > 0.9). Error bars show SEM. Alex E. Hamby et al. Sci Adv 2018;4:eaau0125 Copyright © 2018 The Authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of Science. No claim to original U.S. Government Works. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial License 4.0 (CC BY-NC).