13.2 Expansion of Industry and Rise of Social Reform Pgs. 232-236

Growth of Cities Villages became towns and towns turned into cities as British population increased. Fewer workers were needed on the farm. However, the cities were growing too rapidly.

Growth of Cities There was not adequate housing, roads, or sanitation. As a result, multiple story building were housing many families. Water supplies were impure and there was mass pollution.

Effect on Society Society struggled to keep up with the challenges of the Industrial Revolution. Skilled workers often were unemployed. Factories were dangerous.

Effect on Society Wages were low. Women and children had to work to pay the bills. Families spent little time together. Diseases spread extremely quickly.

Effect on Society However in the long term the increase of wealth almost benefitted everyone. Investors got most of the wealth, however they also took on the most risk. The size of the middle class rose dramatically.

Effect on Society In time children didn’t have to work as their parents wages grew gradually Mass-produced goods improved the lives of the poor and the rich. Clothing, shoes, and other household items were now affordable.

Class Distinctions Social classes had existed for centuries in Britain. The Industrial Revolution tended to break down these barriers. Poverty stricken families had their lives dramatically improved. Cyrus McCormick and James Rose proved this.

Effect on Society Those who rose from poverty didn’t find poverty acceptable. They built schools and libraries to make education accessible to everyone. Some wealthy people would donate almost half of their yearly salary to help the poor. This continued to break down social classes.

Effect on Society Middle class expanded into upper and lower middle class Investors (Upper)/ Small Business Owners (Lower) Poor workers composed lower class. People could move up or down in a generation. Greater sense of Self-Responsibility.

Family Life Family life changed greatly. Several members worked in factories. Parents were unable to spend time with their children. There were differences between working on the farm and working on the factories. Workers in the factory performed the same task every day. Workers on the farm had a variety of jobs.

Family Life Work hours on farms and in the factory were long and for low wages. Workers in the factories face health problems. Families had better opportunities at financial advancement. Children had better access to education then their parents.

Movements for Social Reform The working class found themselves in a desperate situation. Businesses began taking advantage of workers. Machines were made for production purpose with no concern for work safety.

Movements for Social Reform If someone was injured or sick, employers would replace them. No Sick Days! Housing contractors were motivated by greed.

Movements for Social Reform They made built large buildings with small apartments that lacked sanitation. Safety was not a priority. Business would dump their waste into rivers and polluted the water supply. People began to complain to elected officials about these conditions.

Growth of Unions Some workers sought to improve their conditions by forming unions. Some Historians believe Gains by unions resulted in less money for owners to invest in new machinery. Owners used this to increase prices on consumers. Others believed that this was necessary for the workers to have higher quality of life.

Growth of Unions During the 1830s and 1840s Parliament began making laws to protect workers. 1833 Factory Act placed limits on child labor. Children under 9 years old no longer could work. Children between 9-13 could work no longer than 8 hours a day.

Growth of Unions Children had to go to school at least 3 days per week. Parliament appointed inspectors to enforce the law. However, factories responded by firing kids. Children were regulated to working in old mills in even worse conditions.

Growth of Unions Mines Act – forbid women and children under 10 from working in mines. Ten Hour Bill – women and children can’t work more than 10 hour days.

Religious Transformation British pastors and evangelists spent countless hours preaching to coal miners and factory workers. Countless came to know Jesus. Religious Transformation

Religious Transformation Laborers began working with a new sense of purpose. Lawmakers helped to create laws to improve work life and help society. Religious Transformation

Religious Transformation John Wesley became one of the greatest preachers in Britain during this time period. He preached over 42,000 sermons. Thousands converted under his teaching. When Wesley died there were 630 preachers and 175,000 members in the Methodist societies.

Religious Transformation George Whitfield had an international ministry. He preached throughout Britain, Wales, and the American colonies. Whitfield preached outdoors too as many as 20,000 at a time. British morality improved greatly during this time period. Religious Transformation

Struggle in Other European Countries Paris was plagued by riots over social issues. France, Hungary, Germany, and Russia had armed conflict when working for workers’ rights. Government oppression and indifference continued, and conditions didn’t improve. Struggle in Other European Countries

13.2 Section Quiz