Blocking the PD-1 pathway in CD28−/− NOD

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Blocking the PD-1 pathway in CD28−/− NOD Blocking the PD-1 pathway in CD28−/− NOD.H-2h4 mice recapitulates the PD-1 deficiency phenotype for development of CD40L-independent autoimmunity. Blocking the PD-1 pathway in CD28−/− NOD.H-2h4 mice recapitulates the PD-1 deficiency phenotype for development of CD40L-independent autoimmunity. (A) ATD severity score (isotype control n = 10, MR1 n = 13, isotype control + anti-PD-1 n = 9, MR1 + anti–PD-1 n = 14). (B) pSS (isotype control n = 8, MR1 n = 11, isotype control + anti–PD-1 n = 7, MR1 + anti–PD-1 n = 11) focus scores (total foci per gland) were measured in CD28−/− NOD.H-2h4 mice treated with isotype control, MR1, and anti–PD-1, as indicated in (A). Anti–PD-1 or rat IgG was administered three times, as indicated in Materials and Methods. *p = 0.015, MR1 versus MR1 + anti–PD-1. **p < 0.001, isotype control versus MR1. ***p = 0.0008, isotype control versus MR1. ****p = 0.00001, MR1 versus MR1 + anti–PD-1. Elisaveta Voynova et al. ImmunoHorizons 2018;2:54-66 Copyright © 2018 The Authors