Direct vs indirect quotation BY : GROUP 2 Ahmad farid Cycilia novita.a Kamelia m. Alex iskandar Nurul islami g.d Septi karyaningsih Direct vs indirect quotation

What is quotation? A "quotation" is the exact word or words that a person speaks. Quotation marks are used to set of a direct report of the exact words a person has used. They are not used for an indirect explanation when the speaker’s exact words aren’t being used.

Type of Quotation and Examples Direct quotation with quotation marks The young couple said, "The price was too high.“ Indirect quotation: no quotation marks The young couple said that the price was too high. 2. Direct quotation with first person pronoun He commented, "I can't understand the figures." Indirect quotation: change to pronoun He commented that he couldn't understand the figures.

3. Direct quotation with command "Cancel the payment," my husband said 3. Direct quotation with command "Cancel the payment," my husband said. Indirect quotation: verb + to My husband said [told me] to cancel the payment 4. Direct quotation with expressions of time and place. The bankers said, "We'll work on this deal tomorrow." Indirect quotation: expressions of time and place not related to speaker's perspective The bankers said they would work on that deal the next day

5. Direct quotation with conversational words and phrases The clients said, "Well, no thanks; we won't reorder. Indirect quotation: omit or rephrase conversational words and phrases The clients thanked us but said they would not reorder

What are direct quotation? Direct quotations are another person's exact words either spoken or in print incorporated into your own writing. Example : Suzy asked her mother, “May I go to Peg’s house?”

Characteristics of direct quotations 1. Use a set of quotation marks to enclose each direct quotation included in your writing. Mr. and Mrs. Allen, owners of a 300 acre farm, said, "We refuse to use that pesticide because it might pollute the nearby wells.“ 2. Use a capital letter with the first word of a direct quotation of a whole sentence. Do not use a capital letter with the first word of a direct quotation of part of a sentence. Mr. and Mrs. Allen stated that they "refuse to use that pesticide“ because of possible water pollution. 3. If the quotation is interrupted and then continues in your sentence, do not capitalize the second part of the quotation. "He likes to talk about football," she said, "especially when the Super Bowl is coming up."

What are indirect quotation? Indirect quotations are not exact words but rather paraphrasing or summaries of another person’s words. Do not use quotation marks for indirect quotations. Example: Suzy asked her mother if she could go to Peg’s house. Sometimes an indirect quote will copy some of the exact words; in that case, quotes will surround the copied material. Such a quote is called an integrated quote: Integrated: Our teacher told us that our “test is postponed until Tuesday.”

The Sequence of Tenses Direct Speech Indirect Speech Present Past Present Continuous Past Continuous Past Past Perfect    Present Perfect Past Perfect  will would  can could   may might

The following examples illustrate these rules: Present to past tense Direct: Fifteen States are members of the working group. Indirect: The Secretary of the Council reported that 15 States were members of the working group. 2. Present perfect to past perfect tense Direct: The investigators have been conducting hearings on security issues for several days. Indirect: The Director noted that the investigators had been conducting hearings on security issues for several days. 3. Past to past perfect tense Direct: The Chairman resigned last week. Indirect: It was announced that the Chairman had resigned the previous week.  

4. Past perfect tense (no change) Direct: The Board had been following the question closely for some time. Indirect: The Director General acknowledged that the Board had been following the question closely for some time. 5. Future to secondary future tense Direct: We will honour the ceasefire. Indirect: The insurgents stated that they would honour the ceasefire. 6. Future perfect to secondary future perfect tense Direct: By 2015 the number will have doubled. Indirect: It was estimated that by 2015 the number would have doubled.

8. Special verb forms Some auxiliary verbs, such as must and ought to, have only one form, which is used in both direct and indirect speech. When should is used as an auxiliary, the form does not change either. Direct: Delegations [must/ought to/should] limit their statements to five minutes. Indirect: The Chairperson emphasized that delegations [must/ought to/should] limit their statements to five minutes. 9. The infinitive form can often be used to avoid cumbersome or awkward constructions in reported speech. Direct: It is reported that the situation is grave. Indirect: She told the Council that the situation was reported to be grave. (Awkward: She told the Council that it was reported that the situation was grave.)

Pronouns, possessives and demonstratives The changes required in pronouns, possessive adjectives and demonstratives are as follows: Direct speech Indirect speech I he,she Me him,her My his,her,the Mine his,hers We they Us them Our their, the Ours theirs You they,them You their,the Yours theirs This that, the These those, the

Adverbs and adjectives Adverbs and adjectives denoting time and place may have to be changed as follows: Direct speech Indirect speech Here there Now, at the present time then, at the time Present existing, current Today that day, at the time Tommorow the day after, the next day Yesterday the day before, the previous day Ago before, earlier

Conclusion Direct quotations are another person's exact words either spoken or in print incorporated into your own writing, while indirect quotations are not exact words but rather paraphrasing or summaries of another person’s words. Do not use quotation marks for indirect quotations.