September 27, 2016 Warm Up / Do Now: Grab a white board, marker, and eraser from the bin! Agenda: White Board Review Vision! - Psych Principles Figure/ground examples How the eye works BOTS Color Blind Test Closure

QUICK REVIEW

QUICK QUIZ 1. Even on the clearest night, some stars cannot be seen by the naked eye because they are below the viewer’s _________ threshold. Absolute

QUICK QUIZ 2. If you jump into a cold lake but moments later the water no longer seems so cold, sensory ________ has occurred. Adaptation

QUICK QUIZ 3. If you are immobilized in a hospital bed, with no one to talk to and no TV or radio, and you feel edgy and disoriented, you may be suffering the effects of ____________________ Sensory deprivation

QUICK QUIZ 4. During a break from your job as a server in a restaurant, you decide to read. For 20 minutes, you are so engrossed that you fail to notice the clattering of dishes or orders being called out to the cook. This is an example of _________________________ Selective attention

QUICK QUIZ 5. _____________ is a rare condition in which stimulation of one sense also evokes a sensation in another. Synesthesia

VISION

Describe this picture

A LITTLE BACKGROUND More information comes through our eyes than any other sense organ SO VISION IS OUR MOST VALUABLE SENSE!

“THE ___________ is more important GESTALT PSYCHOLOGY WHOLE “THE ___________ is more important than the parts” IN OTHER WORDS, we tend to perceive finished products more than their individual components

GESTALT PSYCHOLOGY FIGURE GROUND People ALWAYS organize the visual field into 2 parts _____________: stands out from the rest of the environment _____________: the background Selective Attention helps us perceive between ground and figure FIGURE GROUND

1. _____________________ GESTALT PRINCIPLES PROXIMITY 1. _____________________ Things that are near each other tend to be grouped together.

2. _____________________ GESTALT PRINCIPLES CLOSURE 2. _____________________ In order to complete forms, the brain FILLS IN THE GAPS!

3. _____________________ GESTALT PRINCIPLES SIMILARITY 3. _____________________ Things that alike (by size, shape, color, etc.) tend to be perceived as belonging to each other

4. _____________________ GESTALT PRINCIPLES CONTINUITY 4. _____________________ Lines and patterns tend to be perceived as continuing in time and space.

GESTALT PRINCIPLES

GESTALT PRINCIPLES GESTALT PRINCIPLES are strongly impressed on the mind…so much so that they dominate other aspects of our vision Try to say the names of the colors you see, but NOT the actual words as fast as you can!

BLUE YELLOW RED GREEN GREEN BLUE YELLOW RED YELLOW BLUE RED GREEN RED GREEN BLUE YELLOW BLUE RED YELLOW GREEN

FIGURE AND GROUND EXAMPLES!

Your eyes have trouble distinguishing SOMETIMES... Your eyes have trouble distinguishing FIGURE and GROUND

ALL these lines are perfectly straight!

Functions of the Eye CORNEA –Protects the eye LENS - Focuses light from objects that are close by or far away IRIS - Gives your eyes their color PUPIL - Dilates and contracts to control levels of light

THE EYE RETINA ____________: -Part of the brain - Acts as a movie screen to invert images

Retinal Receptors CONES RODS 1) __________: Allow us to see color There are 2 kinds of visual receptors located in your retina 1) __________: Allow us to see color THINK: CONES = COLOR 2) __________:Allow us to see at night and to use peripheral vision but are NOT sensitive to color CONES RODS

Rods vs. Cones FOVEA YES NO RODS CONES How many? 120-125 million Where most concentrated? Periphery of retina Retinal center (__________) How sensitive? High sensitivity Low sensitivity Sensitive to color? ______ _______ FOVEA YES NO

The Retina A magnified image of cones and rods in the retina of a human eye

Are You Afraid of the Dark? DARK ADAPTATION ____________________: the process by which visual receptors become maximally sensitive to dim light Cones adapt quickly (10 minutes or so) Rods adapt slowly but are more sensitive

BEAR GRYLLS

How Do We See Colors? TRICHROMATIC THEORY There are 2 processes which account for our ability to see color 1) ____________________ AKA: Young Helmholtz Theory; Occurs in the retina TRICHROMATIC THEORY

TRICHROMATIC THEORY BLUE GREEN RED There are 3 basic types of cones in the retina One responds to the color ________ All other colors are formed from a combination of these three BLUE GREEN RED

COLOR BLIND OR COLOR DEFICIENT? Is it possible to be completely color blind? _____, but it is ________ Cones in the retina are absent or malfunction Many species of animals are completely color blind RARE YES

COLOR DEFICIENCY RED GREEN Most “colorblind” people are unable to differentiate _________ & ______ In rarer cases, the opposite is true Who does it affect? 8% of white men 5% of Asian men 3% black and Native American men It is VERY RARE in women RED GREEN

2 THEORIES OF COLOR VISION OPPONENT-PROCESS THEORY 2) ______________________ Opponent-Process cells and brain neurons respond to certain waves and are inhibited from firing by other waves

ANTAGONISTIC COLORS Red and Green Blue and Yellow Black and White Cells that fire in response to a color stop firing when the color is removed and vice versa _____________________ = Antagonistic Red and Green Blue and Yellow Black and White

NEGATIVES and AFTERIMAGES FIRE Cells that _______ in response to a color stop firing when the color is removed Likewise, cell that were inhibited from firing, burst forth when the color is removed

NEGATIVES and AFTERIMAGES THE RESULTS? We see red images when we blink after staring at green objects The cells that switch on or off to signal the presence of green, send the opposite signal (red) when the green is removed…and vice versa

AFTER IMAGE ILLUSIONS WOO HOO!

A Nation Divided….