M.C. Lee, I Tracey British Journal of Anaesthesia

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Imaging pain: a potent means for investigating pain mechanisms in patients M.C. Lee, I Tracey British Journal of Anaesthesia Volume 111, Issue 1, Pages 64-72 (July 2013) DOI: 10.1093/bja/aet174 Copyright © 2013 The Author(s) Terms and Conditions

Fig 1 The PFC-limbic-brainstem (BrSt) pathways is involved in the descending modulation of pain. Brain imaging studies (references in brackets) have revealed altered functional activation, structure and neurochemistry of prefrontal and limbic regions in association with symptoms reported by patients with chronic pain. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2013 111, 64-72DOI: (10.1093/bja/aet174) Copyright © 2013 The Author(s) Terms and Conditions

Fig 2 MRI-based imaging modalities that measure the brain function, structure, and neurochemistry. Blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) fMRI and ASL techniques can map the brain's neurovascular responses that are associated with pain symptoms. These techniques reveal where activation or cerebral perfusion is altered within the brain. More sophisticated connectivity analyses provide information regarding the flow of neural information within the brain. Advanced analyses of anatomical MRI scans can demonstrate subtle changes of grey-matter densities or alterations in the connectivity of white-matter tracts between brain regions. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy quantifies changes in brain metabolites to reveal potential areas of neuroinflammation or neurodegeneration. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2013 111, 64-72DOI: (10.1093/bja/aet174) Copyright © 2013 The Author(s) Terms and Conditions