Effect of hormonal contraceptives during breastfeeding on infant's milk ingestion and growth  Luis Bahamondes, M.D., Ph.D., M. Valeria Bahamondes, M.D., Ph.D., Waleska Modesto, M.Sc., Ian B. Tilley, M.D., Alviclér Magalhães, Ph.D., João Luiz Pinto e Silva, M.D., Ph.D., Eliana Amaral, M.D., Ph.D., Daniel R. Mishell, M.D.  Fertility and Sterility  Volume 100, Issue 2, Pages 445-450 (August 2013) DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2013.03.039 Copyright © 2013 American Society for Reproductive Medicine Terms and Conditions

Figure 1 Mean D2O amount (mol/L) in the saliva of (A) the mothers and (B) the infants from postpartum day 42 to 63 according to each contraceptive method. The large arrows indicate D2O intake by the mothers, and the small arrows indicate D2O measurement in saliva of the mothers 30 minutes after intake. COC = combined oral contraceptive; implant = etonogestrel-releasing implant; IUD = intrauterine device; LNG-IUS = levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system. (A) No analysis performed; (B) LNG-IUS versus IUD (day 45): P=.020; COC versus IUD (day 56): P=.015. Fertility and Sterility 2013 100, 445-450DOI: (10.1016/j.fertnstert.2013.03.039) Copyright © 2013 American Society for Reproductive Medicine Terms and Conditions

Figure 2 Mean number of (A) breastfeeding episodes and (B) mean number of diaper change wet with urine from postpartum day 42 to 63 according to each contraceptive method. Abbreviations as in Figure 1. (A) COC versus IUD: P<.05 on days 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 54, and 55; implant versus IUD: P<.05 on days 48, 49, 51, and 61. (B) COC versus IUD: P<.05 on days 42 and 46; implant versus IUD: P<.05 on days 43, 44, 45, 46, and 49. Fertility and Sterility 2013 100, 445-450DOI: (10.1016/j.fertnstert.2013.03.039) Copyright © 2013 American Society for Reproductive Medicine Terms and Conditions