Research Methods: Concepts and Connections First Edition Michael Passer Research Methods: Concepts and Connections First Edition Chapter 5: Correlation and Correlational Research Clicker Questions Questions by Melissa Terlecki, Cabrini College © 2013 by Worth Publishers

Chapter 5 The difference between experimental and correlational research is that: experiments examine cause-effect relations between variables. correlational research manipulates an independent variable. experiments examine potential associations between naturally occurring variables. correlational research attempts to eliminate confounding variables through environmental control.

Chapter 5 (Answer) The difference between experimental and correlational research is that: experiments examine cause-effect relations between variables. correlational research manipulates an independent variable. experiments examine potential associations between naturally occurring variables. correlational research attempts to eliminate confounding variables through environmental control.

Chapter 5 2. Which is NOT likely an association examined through correlational research? Is there a relationship between people’s age and shoe size? Is there a relationship between parental and children’s intelligence? Are people who live in colder climates more likely to get the flu? Does exposing children to more sugary snacks cause more hyperactivity?

Chapter 5 (Answer) 2. Which is NOT likely an association examined through correlational research? Is there a relationship between people’s age and shoe size? Is there a relationship between parental and children’s intelligence? Are people who live in colder climates more likely to get the flu? Does exposing children to more sugary snacks cause more hyperactivity?

Chapter 5 3. As height increases, weight increases. This would be an example of a(n): negative correlation. positive correlation. partial correlation. experiment.

Chapter 5 (Answer) 3. As height increases, weight increases. This would be an example of a(n): negative correlation. positive correlation. partial correlation. experiment.

Chapter 5 4. Spearman’s rho measures variables on which scale? interval ratio ordinal nominal

Chapter 5 (Answer) 4. Spearman’s rho measures variables on which scale? interval ratio ordinal nominal

Chapter 5 5. A Pearson’s r of .75 would be considered a: weak positive correlation. weak negative correlation. strong positive correlation. moderate negative correlation.

Chapter 5 (Answer) 5. A Pearson’s r of .75 would be considered a: weak positive correlation. weak negative correlation. strong positive correlation. moderate negative correlation.

Chapter 5 6. If the relationship between X and Y are measured as r =.25, this means that: X and Y are 25% related. 25% of the variance is accounted for. .0625% of the variance is accounted for. this is a strong correlation.

Chapter 5 (Answer) 6. If the relationship between X and Y are measured as r =.25, this means that: X and Y are 25% related. 25% of the variance is accounted for. .0625% of the variance is accounted for. this is a strong correlation.

Chapter 5 7. A scatterplot does NOT show: the intersection of X and Y values. the depiction of a straight line the stronger the correlation. both positive and negative correlations. only linear relations between X and Y.

Chapter 5 (Answer) 7. A scatterplot does NOT show: the intersection of X and Y values. the depiction of a straight line the stronger the correlation. both positive and negative correlations. only linear relations between X and Y.

Chapter 5 8. Ambiguity about whether X has caused Y or Y has caused X is called (the): bidirectionality problem. third-variable problem. predictor. range restriction.

Chapter 5 (Answer) 8. Ambiguity about whether X has caused Y or Y has caused X is called (the): bidirectionality problem. third-variable problem. predictor. range restriction.

Chapter 5 9. Which approach allows one to measure X at an earlier time than Y, in the same individuals over time? cross-lagged panel design prospective design longitudinal design cross-sectional design

Chapter 5 (Answer) 9. Which approach allows one to measure X at an earlier time than Y, in the same individuals over time? cross-lagged panel design prospective design longitudinal design cross-sectional design

Chapter 5 10. In a study where one looks at infant verbal ability to predict the ability to learn a second language in childhood, the measure of infant verbal ability would be: a multiple regression. the criterion variable. the predictor variable. a partial correlation.

Chapter 5 (Answer) 10. In a study where one looks at infant verbal ability to predict the ability to learn a second language in childhood, the measure of infant verbal ability would be: a multiple regression. the criterion variable. the predictor variable. a partial correlation.

Chapter 5 11. If a criterion and predictor variable correlate, which is NOT true? contributions to the overall variance may overlap. they may or may not add a statistically significant amount to the variance. they may be dropped from the regression analyses if it doesn’t add to the variance. they will contribute unique information to the variance.

Chapter 5 (Answer) 11. If a criterion and predictor variable correlate, which is NOT true? contributions to the overall variance may overlap. they may or may not add a statistically significant amount to the variance. they may be dropped from the regression analyses if it doesn’t add to the variance. they will contribute unique information to the variance.

Chapter 5 12. The correlational approach is NOT used to predict outcomes: in daily life (behaviors). for test validation. in controlled, ethical manipulations. in hypothesis and model testing.

Chapter 5 (Answer) 12. The correlational approach is NOT used to predict outcomes: in daily life (behaviors). for test validation. in controlled, ethical manipulations. in hypothesis and model testing.

Chapter 5 13. Which might be an example of a curvilinear relation? As age increases, speed decreases. As age increases, mood increases then decreases. As age increases, weight increases. As age increases, body mass index remains the same.

Chapter 5 (Answer) 13. Which might be an example of a curvilinear relation? As age increases, speed decreases. As age increases, mood increases then decreases. As age increases, weight increases. As age increases, body mass index remains the same.

Chapter 5 14. Which would be an example of range restriction in a data set where reaction time (0-60 seconds) was measured on a problem solving task? All participants finished during the first 10 seconds of the task. Participants exhibited a wide variety of reaction times during the task. Only a few outliers couldn’t finish the task during the given time frame, and were excluded from the data. There was no correlation between reaction time and problem solving ability.

Chapter 5 (Answer) 14. Which would be an example of range restriction in a data set where reaction time (0-60 seconds) was measured on a problem solving task? All participants finished during the first 10 seconds of the task. Participants exhibited a wide variety of reaction times during the task. Only a few outliers couldn’t finish the task during the given time frame, and were excluded from the data. There was no correlation between reaction time and problem solving ability.

Chapter 5 15. Which type of variable is NOT accurately measured through a correlation? interval ratio nominal ordinal

Chapter 5 (Answer) 15. Which type of variable is NOT accurately measured through a correlation? interval ratio nominal ordinal