Option E: Neurobiology and Behavior

E.2.1 Outline the diversity of stimuli that can be detected by human sensory receptors, including mechanoreceptors, chemoreceptors, thermoreceptors and photoreceptors. A wide range of stimuli can be detected by diverse __________ in humans. Each receptor is __________ to its stimulus and adapted to suit its function.

- changes in _______ e.g. touch, pain, and tension receptors _________________ - changes in _______ e.g. touch, pain, and tension receptors - changes in _______ e.g. touch receptors in skin - changes in _______ e.g. inner ear for hearing and balance _________________ - chemical _________ e.g. taste in tongue, CO2 concentration in the blood - chemical _________ e.g. smell in the nose _________________ - electromagnetic radiation e.g. _____ and _____ cells in the retina _________________ - changes in ______________ - thermoreceptive nerve endings in skin

E.2.2 Label a diagram of the structure of the human eye.

E.2.3 Annotate a diagram of the retina to show the cell types and the direction in which light moves. The _________ is responsible for focusing the image to the retina.

E.2.3 Annotate a diagram of the retina to show the cell types and the direction in which light moves. The _________ focuses light onto the retina. Light directly hits the ______, with densely- packed rods and cones. All information is processed by retina and converted to _________________, which is carried to the brain by the ____________. ____________ is where there are no rod and cone cells. This is where _____________ meets retina. Your brain fills in the rest!!

The Blind Spot Move closer or further away, the image of the dot falls on the retina and so is perceived. This illusion shows us that the blind spot of the right eye falls within the ______ part of the retina - which is responsible for collecting stimuli from the _______ visual field.

Visual Fields = the range over which an eye can ____________ __________________. Light from your ________ visual field falls onto the ________ side of the retina and vice versa.

Stimuli from _____________________ are processed in the _____________________ of the occipital lobe. Therefore, _____ sides of the brain process images from ________ eyes.

E.2.3 Annotate a diagram of the retina to show the cell types and the direction in which light moves.

E.2.3 Annotate a diagram of the retina to show the cell types and the direction in which light moves. Light reflects of choroid and hits ___________. Pigments in rods and cones ____________. This stimulates an _______________. Synapses pass impulses from __________ to __________ and then to the _____________. 5. Ganglia carry the impulse via the ________ to the ________.

Wavelength sensitivity Receptor: ganglion ratio E.2.4 Compare rod and cone cells. Rod Cells Comparison Cone Cells Dominant in ______ light conditions (“bleached” in bright light) Light brightness Dominant ________ light conditions (not activated in dim light) _____ type Diversity _______ types Throughout _______ Distribution Concentrated around ________ Responsive to ____ visible wavelengths Wavelength sensitivity Short – ________ Medium – greens Long – _______ ______: many rods connect to one ganglion Receptor: ganglion ratio _______(even 1:1) _________ Visual acuity

Receptive Fields and Processing Stimuli A receptive field is the area of the retina over which a single ganglion collects stimuli. Many ____________ feed into one ganglion. Gives a __________________ and __________________ Differences in _______ within the receptive field are not likely to be perceived with clarity. _________ feed into their own ganglion cells. Gives many _____________________ and __________________. Different types of cone cells detect different ___________ of light and can perceive small details.

Photoreceptors are densely packed in the _________, with a ______ ratio of cone : ganglion cells. The ratio _________, giving _________ receptive fields further away from the fovea. There are two types of retinal ganglion: 1) ____________ by light hitting the edge of the receptive field and ___________ by light hitting the center. 2) ____________ by light hitting the edge of the receptive

E.2.5 Explain the processing of visual stimuli, including edge enhancement and contralateral processing. The __________ is the first step in visual perception. The ________ receives information about where the biggest ______________________ are in the receptive field, and This is processed into an image. It also allows the brain to ___________________ in the receptive field, such as in the + and o illusion. This is an example of _________________________.

E.2.5 Explain the processing of visual stimuli, including edge enhancement and contralateral processing. When light falls onto a receptor, it is _______________. If light also falls onto its neighboring receptors, they __________ each other. The gray spots on the grid are the result of _______________________________ in your retina. Areas of white next to each other cause _____________ of receptors in between, giving the illusion of being slightly __________.

E.2.5 Explain the processing of visual stimuli, including edge enhancement and contralateral processing.

E.2.5 Explain the processing of visual stimuli, including edge enhancement and contralateral processing. Images are focused by the__________ and ________. An _________________ is focused to the retina. ________ eyes send visual information to _______ sides of the brain by ___________________ = information from the ___________ of the retina ( _________ retina) are crossed over.

E.2.5 Explain the processing of visual stimuli, including edge enhancement and contralateral processing. The __________________ carry the visual nerve impulse to the ____________________ in the ___________ lobe. This is called ____________________________. This means that ________ sides of the brain are responsible for processing information from _______ eyes.

E.2.5 Explain the processing of visual stimuli, including edge enhancement and contralateral processing. Both eyes have a _______ and ________ visual field. The ________ side of each retina collects light from the ________ visual field and vice versa.

E.2.5 Explain the processing of visual stimuli, including edge enhancement and contralateral processing. Retina receives stimuli with ______________________ ↓ ____________________ carry nerve impulses through the ______________ to the brain. The nasal ganglia cross over at the __________________ through __________________ processing. The _____ side of visual cortex processes images on both _____ retinas (hence _____ visual fields). The _______________ constructs images in the brain

E.2.5 Explain the processing of visual stimuli, including edge enhancement and contralateral processing. Because the two eyes are _______, the images are slightly different. This _______________ vision leads to the production of a _____ image and ____________. The _________ image that hits the retina is also corrected.

E.2.6 Label a diagram of the ear. The ear is an example of _________________ in action: ____________ in the air are converted into ___________ ____________.