Transmutation Reactions
Natural Transmutation Occurs in nature without any intervention Due to an unstable nucleus Alpha, Beta, Gamma, and Positron are all examples of natural transmutation decay reactions
Artificial Transmutations Forcing the nucleus to change Two methods: Using an particle accelerator to “bomb” a nucleus with a charged particle and force it to break Neutron collision with a nucleus to “break” it
Nuclear Fission Splitting of a heavy nuclei into smaller nuclei Mass is converted into energy 1 Neutron is fired at a nucleus of a radioactive element/isotope such as U—235 or Pu—239 These are the only 2 fissionable isotopes Creates an unstable nucleus that splits Produces two medium weight nuclei and neutrons and lots and lots and lots of energy Called a nuclear chain reaction This is used to generate energy in a nuclear power plant
Nuclear Fusion Joining of two light nuclei to form one larger one In the process large amounts of energy are released (much more than in fission) Two issues with fusion: 1. Only occurs at extremely high temperatures and pressures The sun produces energy via fusion of hydrogen isotopes and nuclear weapons have fission triggers but are fusion bombs
Detecting Radiation Geiger Counter Detects ionizing radiation Contains a gas filled chamber (inert gas) and only radioactive particles have enough energy to ionize the gas Level of ionization is measured Counter “clicks” as the gas atoms are ionized
Scintillation counter Similar to a Geiger counter but it uses a phosphorous coated surface instead of a gas The phosphorous is ionized and it “reads” the energy associated with the ionization
Film Badge Plastic or metal case with layers of undeveloped/unexposed film on the inside Only high energy particles can penetrate the case So, radiation or radioactive particles (high energy) can pass through and expose or develop the film Worn by individuals who work with radiation on a regular basis Amount of exposure is read and it is determined if you are safe based on calculated exposure levels