Features of Evolution and Expansion of Modern Humans, Inferred from Genomewide Microsatellite Markers  Lev A. Zhivotovsky, Noah A. Rosenberg, Marcus W. Feldman  The American Journal of Human Genetics  Volume 72, Issue 5, Pages 1171-1186 (May 2003) DOI: 10.1086/375120 Copyright © 2003 The American Society of Human Genetics Terms and Conditions

Figure 1 Among-locus distribution of the total number of alleles observed in 1,056 individuals at di-, tri-, and tetranucleotide STRs. The American Journal of Human Genetics 2003 72, 1171-1186DOI: (10.1086/375120) Copyright © 2003 The American Society of Human Genetics Terms and Conditions

Figure 2 Among-locus distribution of the within-population variance in the repeat scores at di-, tri-, and tetranucleotide STRs. For each STR, the values of the within-population variance were averaged over all 52 populations. The American Journal of Human Genetics 2003 72, 1171-1186DOI: (10.1086/375120) Copyright © 2003 The American Society of Human Genetics Terms and Conditions

Figure 3 Distribution and clusters of 52 populations from the first two PCs in the multidimensional-scaling plot of FST values at 377 STRs. Most populations are indicated with numbers (see the “Material and Methods” section). The X- and Y-axes represent PC1 and PC2, respectively. ⧫ = Mozabite; ◊ = three Middle East samples; □ = Basque, Sardinian, and Orcadian samples; ○ = five other samples from Europe; ▵ = East Asian Altaic-speaking populations; ▴ = two Han populations; * = Kalash; ○ = remaining samples. The American Journal of Human Genetics 2003 72, 1171-1186DOI: (10.1086/375120) Copyright © 2003 The American Society of Human Genetics Terms and Conditions

Figure 4 Multidimensional scaling on the FST values at 377 STRs. A, Separation of sub-Saharan African and American populations in a plot of PC4 versus PC1. B, Separation of Oceania in a plot of PC5 versus PC2 (samples from Africa and America are suppressed). The American Journal of Human Genetics 2003 72, 1171-1186DOI: (10.1086/375120) Copyright © 2003 The American Society of Human Genetics Terms and Conditions

Figure 5 Population tree based on TD estimates of divergence time. A. Divergence among major groups. The time estimates are based on 374 STRs (three outlying STRs with tetranucleotide repeats were omitted). Arrows indicate the time (lower bounds, in ky) between adjacent nodes, assuming a generation length of 25 years. B, Schemes of divergence within the major groups, based on the 374 STRs. Time estimates within each continental group were omitted, because they may be biased owing to possible differential gene flows from other groups. The American Journal of Human Genetics 2003 72, 1171-1186DOI: (10.1086/375120) Copyright © 2003 The American Society of Human Genetics Terms and Conditions

Figure 6 Reduced population tree, showing four separation events (see table 3) The American Journal of Human Genetics 2003 72, 1171-1186DOI: (10.1086/375120) Copyright © 2003 The American Society of Human Genetics Terms and Conditions