Maternal fetal programming of birthweight among Australian Aboriginal infants: a population-based data linkage study  Alison J Gibberd, PhD, Judy M Simpson, PhD, Bridgette J McNamara, PhD, Sandra J Eades, PhD  The Lancet Global Health  Volume 7, Issue 4, Pages e523-e532 (April 2019) DOI: 10.1016/S2214-109X(18)30561-8 Copyright © 2019 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC-BY 4.0 license Terms and Conditions

Figure 1 Directed acyclic graph representing the possible causal associations between parental birthweight and infant birthweight Grandmaternal and maternal evironment includes individual factors (eg, maternal smoking during pregnancy) and community factors (eg, little access to high quality antenatal care) that affect birthweight and adult health. Maternal adult height and health might impose physical constraints on the growing fetus. We did not include paternal health or adult height as we assumed they do not directly cause low birthweight. Factors which are controlled for in analysis of cousins with shared maternal grandparents are in the shaded box. The shaded oval contains potential effects of fetal programming on the mother. The Lancet Global Health 2019 7, e523-e532DOI: (10.1016/S2214-109X(18)30561-8) Copyright © 2019 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC-BY 4.0 license Terms and Conditions

Figure 2 Inclusion criteria for the study sample (sample A), the sample with birth records for both parents (sample B), and the sample of cousins with the same maternal grandparents (sample C) The Lancet Global Health 2019 7, e523-e532DOI: (10.1016/S2214-109X(18)30561-8) Copyright © 2019 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC-BY 4.0 license Terms and Conditions