Disaster Resilience & Durability October 8, 2014

Washington, IL November 2013

Washington, IL November 2013

Washington, IL November 2013

Evansville, IN November 6, 2005

Evansville, IN November 6, 2005

Evansville, IN November 6, 2005

Evansville, IN November 6, 2005

Evansville, IN November 6, 2005

Evansville, IN November 6, 2005

Evansville, IN November 6, 2005

Evansville, IN November 6, 2005

Evansville, IN November 6, 2005

Designing for Durability Roof Sheathing Attachment Gable end connections Cladding attachment Roof to wall connection Wall to wall continuity Wall sheathing attachment Wall sheathing continuity Wall connection to sill plate Sill plate anchorage Reference: APA Report M310

Flying Debris

Gable-end Framing Tie gable end walls back to the structure Gable end truss top chord Tension-tie strap, attach with (8) 10d common nails, each end of strap Roof Trusses (3) 10d Common nails (typical) Gable end truss bottom chord 2x4 flatwise blocking between truss bottom chords 2" x 4" continuous lateral brace @ 6' on center. Lateral brace sized to extend from end wall to over 3 interior trusses plus 6".

Components and Cladding Resisting Pressure on Components and Cladding Sheath gable end walls with wood structural panels, such as plywood or oriented strand board (OSB) Gable end truss top 8d Common nails - 4" on center perimeter of panel chord Wood structural panel sheathing Gable end truss vertical web member 8d Common nails - 6" on center along intermediate framing 8d Common nails - 4" on center perimeter of panel nailed to the top of the double top plate Gable end truss bottom chord

Wind Pressure Resistance (APAform TT-105) Table 1. Maximum wind speed (mph - 3 second gust) permitted for wood structural panel sheathing used as wall covering to meet IRC Table R301.2(2) requirements1, 2, 3 MINIMUM NAIL Minimum Wood Structural Panel Span Rating Minimum Nominal Panel Thickness (inches) Wall Stud Spacing (inches) PANEL NAIL SPACING MAXIMUM WIND SPEED (MPH) Size Penetration Edges Field Wind Exposure Category -- (inches) (inches o.c.) B C D 6d (0.113" x 2.0") 1.5 24/0 3/8 16 6 12 110 90 85 24/16 7/16 100 150 125 8d (0.131" x 2.5") 1.75 130 105 24 or less Panel strength axis parallel or perpendicular to supports. Three-ply plywood sheathing with studs spaced more than 16 inches o.c. shall be applied with panel strength axis perpendicular to supports. Table is based on wind pressures acting toward and away from building surfaces per R301.2, lateral bracing requirements shall be in accordance with R602.10.

Wall Sheathing Nail Base For Siding Siding attachment at energy efficient corners Attachment base for utility vents, siding trim, etc.

Smooth Shank and Screw Shank (Dia) WSP Sheathing As A Nail Base Withdrawal Load (Pounds)1 Plywood or OSB Performance Category Ring Shank Nails (Dia.) Wood Screws (Gauge) Smooth Shank and Screw Shank (Dia) .097 .113 .120 .128 .135 #7 #8 #9 .131 7/16 38 45 48 51 53 61 66 72 11 12 13 15/23 or 1/2 41 54 57 65 71 77 14 19/32 or 5/8 52 64 69 73 85 90 97 15 16 17 See APA TT-109 for footnotes and complete table Reference: APA TT-109

Wall Sheathing New Table in 2015 IRC

Wall Bracing Resources www.iccsafe.org Item no. 7102S12 www.apawood.org Publication F430

Load Path 2. Transfer to roof 3. Connections 1. Load on wall 4. Transfer to wall 5. Transfer to foundation

Lateral Forces Wind Seismic Force = Pressure x Area Force = Mass x Acceleration

Resisted by hold-downs Lateral Forces Effects of Forces Base Shear Racking Overturning Resisted by Bracing Resisted by Anchors Resisted by hold-downs & Dead Load

Lateral Forces Racking

Lateral Forces Base Shear

Lateral Forces Overturning February 2008 Macon Co. ‘Super Tuesday’ Tornado

Lateral Forces Anchors Hold-down

Bracing: BWP Location BWP, BWL & Spacing R202, R602.10.1, R602.10.2

Bracing: Required Length Bracing Length Tables 2012 – Two bracing length tables Table R602.10.3(1) Table R602.10.3(3) Wind Seismic Required bracing length is the maximum of the two tables’ bracing length x all adjustment factors R602.10.3, Tables R602.10.3(1), R602.10.3(2), R602.10.3(3) & R602.10.3(4)

Bracing: Required Length Bracing Requirements Based on Wind Speed – Adjustment Factors Wind bracing adjustment factors are in Table R602.10.3(2) Wind exposure category Eave-to-ridge height Wall height Number of braced wall lines 800-lb hold-down on top story Application of interior gypsum board finish Gypsum board fastening Table R602.10.3(2)

Bracing: Panel Material – Intermittent Intermittent Bracing Methods: LIB DWB WSP BV-WSP Let-in diagonal brace 3/4" Diagonal wood boards 3/8" Wood structural panel 7/16" Wood structural panel with stone or masonry veneer 1/2" Structural fiberboard 1/2" Interior gypsum wallboard or gypsum sheathing particleboard 3/8" Particleboard sheathing SFB GB PBS PCP HPS Portland cement plaster on studs 7/16" Hardboard panel siding Table R602.10.4

Bracing: Panel Material – Intermittent Intermittent Bracing Methods: ABW PFH PFG Alternate braced wall Portal frame with hold-downs Portal frame at garage door openings in SDC A-C

Bracing: Panel Material – Continuous Continuously sheathed wood structural panel Continuously sheathed wood structural panel adjacent to garage openings Continuously sheathed portal frame Continuously sheathed structural fiberboard Continuous Sheathing Bracing Methods: CS-WSP CS-G CS-PF CS-SFB Table R602.10.4

Bracing: Panel Material – Continuous Method CS-WSP Full-height sheathed wall segments having a length equal or greater than Table R602.10.5 are counted toward the total bracing length. Wall minimum length is based on wall height and height of the adjacent clear opening. Too Narrow Table R602.10.5

Bracing: Panel Material – Continuous Method CS-WSP Table R602.10.5 Minimum Length of Braced Wall Panels (in) Method Adjacent Clear Opening Height (ft) Wall Height (ft) 8 9 10 11 12 CS-WSP 64 24 27 30 33 36 68 26 72 76 29 80 32 84 35 88 38 92 43 37 96 48 41 100 44 40 104 49 39 108 54 46 112 50 45 116 55 120 60 52 Table R602.10.5

Bracing: Panel Material – Continuous Method CS-G Wood structural panel adjacent to garage opening Full-height sheathed wall segments to either side of garage openings Roof covering dead loads of 3 psf or less (seismic requirement only) Applied to one wall line of garage only Garage Opening 12' Max Panel length = bracing length 4:1 aspect ratio R602.310.4, Table R602.10.5 H/4

Bracing: Panel Material – Continuous Method CS-PF Continuous portal frame Walls on either or both sides of openings in garage may have wall segment with a maximum 6:1 height-to-length ratio. No hold-downs required OK on raised floor Top of header at 10' max Top of wall at 12' max  Panel length = bracing length 10' max (12' max with pony wall) Garage Opening H/6 Fully sheathed dwelling R602.10.6.4

Bracing: Panel Material – Continuous Method CS-PF Figure R602.10.6.4

Bracing: Panel Material – Continuous CS-G CS-PF 4

Bracing: Sufficient Length 2' 4' Method CS- WSP Wind Direction 37' CS-WSP Bottom of Two Stories 90 mph SDC A ? NA 40' 40' 18" 48" 48" 27" 9' Tables R602.10.3(1)&(2), R602.10.4, R602.10.5

Bracing: Sufficient Length Minimum Total Length of Braced Wall Panels Required Along Each Braced Wall Line Braced Wall Line Spacing (ft) Basic Wind Speed (mph) Story Location Methods DWB, WSP, SFB, PBS, PCP, HPS Method GB (double sided) Method LIB Continuous Sheathing 10 20 30 40 50 60 3.5 7 9.5 12.5 15.5 18.5 3.5 7 9.5 12.5 15.5 18.5 2 4 5.5 7.5 9 10.5 2 3.5 5 6 7.5 9 < 90 (mph) 10 20 30 7 13 18.5 7 13 18.5 4 7.5 10.5 3.5 6.5 9 40 24 24 14 12 50 60 29.5 35 29.5 35 17 20 14.5 17 Table R602.10.3(1)

Bracing: Sufficient Length Method CS- WSP Can interpolate for BWL spacing or for wall height. 0.95 x 12′ = 11.4′ 2' 4' CS-WSP Bottom of Two Stories 90 mph SDC A 11.4' NA Total Bracing Length = 11.75′ vs. 11.4′ Required Bracing is OK 40' 18" 48" 48" 27" 9' Tables R602.10.3(1)&(2), R602.10.4, R602.10.5

Wall Sheathing Bracing Calculator

2’2” 1’8” 2’ 3’ 2’ 2’ 2’ 2’ 3’ 2’ Wall Height = 9’ BWL Spacing = 24’ Roof-to-Eave = 14’ BWL Length = 54’-10”

Simply Bracing

2012 IRC Wall Bracing A team of experts was assembled… and this is what we got! 28 pages of wall bracing provisions 9 adjustment factors to determine bracing lengths Multiple wind speed and seismic tables 8 old bracing methods and 7 new ones Drywall on inside of all bracing mandated All bracing panels must be blocked More bracing is needed “When you add options, things get complicated!”

There was a simpler way to brace house designs? Wall Bracing What if… There was a simpler way to brace house designs?

APA Simplified Wall Bracing Method What is this method based on? The components that control the performance of bracing are panel thickness and fasteners. Since the 3/8" code minimum panel thickness is relatively seldom used, the APA method is based on the more commonly used 7/16" thickness. Fasteners aren’t very expensive, so the APA method increases the frequency of the fastening along panel edges. All exterior wall areas sheathed with Wood Structural Panels. When APA put the three together, we discovered another level of performance in CS-WSP.

APA Simplified Wall Bracing Method What is this method based on? 12000 3d 5b 6b 100% 2d 10,000 10000 lbf CS-PF resists 174% more load than WSP bracing 8,000 8000 lbf CS-WSP resists 88% more load than WSP bracing Load (lbf) 6,000 6000 lbf 4,000 4000 lbf WSP wall bracing – Base case 2,000 lbf 2000 Diagonal bracing resists 31% of WSP load 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 APA Full-Scale 3D Wall Bracing Tests, Form T2007-73 Displacement (in.)

APA Simplified Wall Bracing Method Streamlining the process Four steps: Check the system criteria, lateral support and limitations. Determine required bracing length from Table 3 and apply wall height multiplier. Identify full height wall sections and whether they meet the minimum lengths per Tables 1 and 2 and the distribution requirements. Add all qualifying bracing panels from step 3 on each side of the home and compare to step 2.

Bracing Calculation Example The house must meet the system criteria No side longer than 60 feet Two stories or less Wall heights ≤ 12 feet Roof to eave height ≤ 15 feet Wind speeds ≤ 100 mph Check lateral support and foundations

Bracing Calculation Example The design parameters House depth – 40 feet Roof height ≤ 15 feet 9' first floor height 8' second floor height Wind Exposure Category – B 90 mph wind zone 2nd Floor above garage Drywall inside of exterior walls

Bracing Calculation Example 2. Draw a rectangle around the house, measure each side. LONG SIDE LONG SIDE TYPICAL WALL CORNER SHORT SIDE TYPICAL SEGMENTS OF WALL BETWEEN CORNERS SHORT SIDE TYPICAL SEGMENTS OF WALL BETWEEN CORNERS CIRCUMSCRIBING RECTANGLE CIRCUMSCRIBING RECTANGLE FIRST FLOOR PLAN SECOND FLOOR PLAN

Bracing Calculation Example 2. Draw a rectangle around the house, measure each side …Go to Table 3 and determine amount of bracing

Bracing Calculation Example 2. Draw a rectangle around the house, measure each side …Go to Table 3 and determine amount of bracing …apply the wall height adjustment factor 11.4' x .95 = 10.83' required bracing

Bracing Calculation Example 3. Identify full-height sections on sides of house Full height Actual Length # 16” 16” 16” 24” 12” 22” 22” 12” 24” 32” 32”

Bracing Calculation Example 3. Determine if segments meet minimum bracing length

Bracing Calculation Example 3. Determine if segments meet minimum bracing length TABLE 1 MINIMUM LENGTH OF BRACED WALL PANELS Method Opening Height Wall Height Minimum Length Actual Length Bracing Length CS-PF 84” * 8’ 16” 16” 24” CS-WSP 80” 9’ *Height to top of header 30” 32” 32” 16” 16” 16” 24” 12” 22” 22” 12” 24” 32” 32”

Bracing Calculation Example 3. Determine if segments meet minimum bracing length … if walls are 8’ or 9', there is partial credit for short lengths

Bracing Calculation Example 3. Determine if segments meet minimum bracing length … if walls are 8' or 9', there is partial credit for short lengths TABLE 2 PARTIAL CREDIT FOR BRACED WALL PANELS Method Opening Height Wall Height Minimum Length Actual Length Bracing Length CS-WSP 64” 9’ 24” 24” 22” CS-WSP 64” 9’ 20” 22” 18” 16” 16” 16” 24” 12” 22” 22” 12” 24” 32” 32”

Bracing Calculation Example 4. Compile the amount of bracing on each side of house 24" + 24" + 22" + 18" + 32" + 32" + 18" + 22" = 192" = 16.0' eligible for bracing Full height segment/too short Actual Length Qualified Bracing Unit # # Contributing Length 16” 16” 16” 24” 12” 22” 22” 12” 24” 32” 32”

Bracing Calculation Example 16.0' > 10.83' Bracing checked! 16” 16” 16” 24” 12” 22” 22” 12” 24” 32” 32”

Construction Tips for Building Moisture Resistant Houses Prevent Moisture Intrustion Construction Tips for Building Moisture Resistant Houses Understanding Mold & Moisture Intrusion Reference: APA Report A500

Prevent Moisture Intrusion Moisture Control Wetting Drying Water Buildup Past Recent Past Present

Prevent Moisture Intrusion Four D's of Wall Design Deflection Drainage Drying Durable

Prevent Moisture Intrusion Drainage plane Materials designed and installed to drain water Installation Continuous Spaced from cladding Drain to opening

Prevent Moisture Intrusion * Consult building wrap manufacturer for installation details Wood structural panel Proper fasteners 12" overlap at corner and vertical joints Overlap horizontal joints 6"-12" Tape all tears Cut and wrap at openings 3" overlap at foundation Tape all joints with air-barrier tape BBH – Walls, Page 9

Prevent Moisture Intrusion Buildabetterhome.org Construction details for preventing moisture intrusion.

Prevent Moisture Intrusion Roof Wall Intersection

Prevent Moisture Intrusion

Prevent Moisture Intrusion Buildabetterhome.org Construction details for preventing moisture intrusion. Weather barrier Use spacers to allow for drainage Metal flashing

Prevent Moisture Intrusion Proper Ventilation

Minimum Ventilation Requirements Location Construction Net Free Area of Openings Attic No vapor retarder 1/150 Vapor retarder in ceiling 1/300 Balanced ventilation Crawl Space Vapor retarder ground cover and one vent opening within three feet of each corner 1/1500

Prevent Moisture Intrusion

Prevent Moisture Intrusion Mold from Improper Ventilation

Prevent Moisture Intrusion Freefrommold.org Provides an annual inspection and moisture prevention regimen for homeowners.

www.apawood.org www.performancewalls.org Thanks for Attending Bob Clark, APA bob.clark@apawood.org 734-823-5412 Matthew Brown, APA matthew.brown@apawood.org 214-930-7075 www.apawood.org www.performancewalls.org