Review #1 Intro stuff What is a database, 4 parts, 3 users, etc. Architecture Data independence Three levels, two mappings Jobs of the DBA

Review #1 Entity Relationship Model Entities, Relationships, E-R Diagram Relationship types Conversion to a set of tables. GRADUATE STUDENTS: Extended ER Features, such as multivalued attributes, total participation, cardinality limits, etc. Relational Model (Informal) Primary and Foreign Keys Ability to add additional constraints

Review #1 ORACLE/SQL: Creating tables Inserting, deleting, updating (Lab 1) Querying Simple queries Joins Non-Relational Queries – Group By, etc. (Lab 2) Something from the text.

Sample Question: (5 pts) What is a database?

Sample (Bad) Answer #1: (5 pts) What is a database? A set of tables.

Sample (Bad) Answer #2: (5 pts) What is a database? A database is a collection of related data. A Relational Database is one that stores this data in a set of tables. Example 1: A banks stores customer information, their accounts and transactions. Example 2: A university stores information about its students, courses, and registration information. Databases consist of data, hardware, software, and end users. The data is called persistent data; the software is called the DataBase Management System. There are 3 types of users: end users, application programmers, and database administrators.

Sample (Bad) Answer #2 (cont): A database is designed in 3 levels: internal, conceptual, and external. To do the conceptual level design, we use the Entity Relationship Model. This requires us to decide upon our entities, relationships, draw an E-R Diagram, decide on the type of relationships, and then develop a set of tables from this completed diagram. There are 3 types of relationships: 1 to1, 1 to many, and many to many. The external level is what the individual users are permitted to see; the internal level consists of the file structures, which are B-Trees, Clustered B-Trees, Hashing, and Clustered Files.

Sample (Good) Answer #3: (5 pts) What is a database? Informally, a database is a collection of related data. The most common model is the Relational model, which groups the data into tables with linkages (known as Foreign Keys) to model the relationships.

Review #2 Relational Model Definitions Properties of relations Keys -- Candidate, Primary, Alternate, Foreign Integrity Constraints. Relational Algebra English  Relational Algebra  Tables Optimization Relational Calculus English  Relational Calculus  Tables

Review #2 Internal Level design/ External Level design File Structures and Analysis GRADUATE STUDENTS: Advanced File Structures GRADUATE STUDENTS: Extended Relational Algebra English <==> Extended RA ORACLE/SQL Views (need to review Querying for this) Privileges Creating File Structures in SQL Advanced CREATE TABLE options LAB 3

Final Review (updated for Spring 2018) Intro Stuff Architecture Three levels, two mappings File Structures – What and when to use E-R Model Design Relational Model Keys, Integrity constraints, etc. Query Optimization Using Relational Algebra. Relational Algebra or Relational Calculus Queries GRADUATE STUDENTS – Know BOTH.

Final Review 2 GRADUATE STUDENTS: Extended Relational Algebra Conversion from RC to RA (not on final) Functional Dependencies Definitions, Axioms Spot them Proof of Candidate Keys Graduate Students: Proof of Minimality Normal Forms, 1NF Definition Spot violations Normalization

Final Review 3 Normal Forms, 2NF, 3NF, BCNF Definitions -- Formal and Informal Spot violations Normalization through decomposition Multi-Value Dependencies Definitions, Axioms Find them, using quick & dirty method and t1, t2, t3 method. 4NF Definition, find violations, normalization GRADUATE STUDENTS: Join dependencies and 5NF

Final Review 4 Hierarchical Model – Not on FINAL Definition, Advantages, Disadvantages Type, Occurrence Trees, Virtual Links Design Transaction Analysis Locks, Commit & Rollback Buffers, Checkpoints, Transaction Logs Recovery Algorithm Oracle/SQL Labs 1, 2, 3 Lab 4 – Code SEGMENT only