Gene expression in islets isolated from diabetic mice. Gene expression in islets isolated from diabetic mice. Real-time RT-PCR analysis of mRNA expression of insulin I (A), insulin II (B), Pdx-1 (C), LC3 (D), DNAJC3 (E), and PCNA (F). Results were standardized to β-actin mRNA levels and then expressed as fold changes vs. the lean-PBS mice. Data are mean ± SEM. n = 3 animals/group. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 vs. the lean-PBS group; +P < 0.05, ++P < 0.01, +++P < 0.001 vs. the db/db-PBS group. Yi Lin, and Zhongjie Sun Diabetes 2015;64:1444-1458 ©2015 by American Diabetes Association