The North United States History Chapter 12

Section 1: The Industrial Revolution in America I. The Industrial Revolution A. A Need for Change 1. not enough goods are being produced to meet needs 2. Industrial Revolution-period of rapid growth in using machines for manufacturing & production of goods

B. Textile Industry 1. British water frame used water to power machines 2. could produce dozens of cotton threads at the same time

Spinning thread one spool at a time

Invented a large spinning machine called the water frame Sir Richard Arkwright

Arkwright’ s invention allowed one person to spin many spools of thread Water frame

New machines & Processes A. Slater & His Secrets 1. Britain produces cloth more quickly and cheaper 2. British gov’t makes it illegal for mechanics or plans to leave the country

Brought the plans to build a water frame to America Samuel Slater

3. Samuel Slater a. British mechanic memorized the plans b. Immigrated to U.S. disguised as a farmer c. Contacts Moses Brown & opens a mill 4. New England becomes the center of textile industry

Slater and Brown working to build a textile mill using the technology Slater brought from England

Slater’s improved water frame

B. A Manufacturing Breakthrough 1. Eli Whitney a. introduced idea of mass- producing guns for U.S. gov’t b. interchangeable parts-making parts that are identical

b. improved over British technology 2. Whitney’s influence a. mass production-efficient production of large numbers of identical goods b. improved over British technology 2

Convinced the governmen t to mass produce guns so that the parts where interchang eable Eli Whitney

III. Manufacturing Grows Slowly United States Britain More land, more farmers Workers want better wages Businesses have hard time competing with Britain’s lower prices Less land, fewer farms, more factory workers More factory workers- lower wages Charge lower prices than American businesses

1. no longer able to get goods from Britain B. War of 1812 1. no longer able to get goods from Britain 2. British ships blockade seaports, no trade from other countries 3. Am. factories begin to produce more goods—profits go up

Section 2: Changes in Working Life I. Mills Change Worker’s Lives A. Slater’s Workers 1. mill owners could not find enough workers 2. hired families to work in mills 3. children paid low wages 4. Slater provided housing for workers 5. built close to cities to provide workers

Slater’s first mill built in Pawtucket, Rhode Island

2. divided factory work into simple tasks B. Rhode Island System 1. hired families 2. divided factory work into simple tasks 3. recruiters often went to poor communities to look for workers

Lowell System Francis Cabot Lowell 1. mills employed young, unmarried women from local farms 2. spin & weave cloth at the same mill 3. women lived in boarding houses

Introduc e the Lowell system that would spin cotton thread and weave it into cloth at the same mill Francis Cabot Lowell

Boston manufacturing mill built by Lowell

Lowell Mills

Work Day 1. long hours 12-14 hour day 2. low pay $2-4 a week 3. cotton dust caused health problems chronic cough

Working at a weaving machine

Workers Organize Beginning of Trade Unions trade union-groups that tried to improve pay & working conditions employers did not want unions strikes-workers refuse to work strikes not successful-courts & police supported companies

B. Labor Reform Efforts 1. Sarah G. Bagley founded the Lowell Female Labor Reform Association 2. wanted a 10 hr work day 3. played a large role in reforming the labor movement

Two teenagers who worked at Lowell Mills Lowell workers

Section 3: Transportation Revolution I. Trade & Daily Life A. Transportation Revolution 1. period of rapid growth in speed & convenience of travel 2. creates a boom in business

II. Steamboats A. Steamboat Era 1. Robert Fulton invented the steamboat 2. steamboat allows faster travel up stream

Robert Fulton’s Clermont The first full sized commercial steamboat

1. Ogden sued Gibbons-said Gibbons couldn’t use Ogden’s waters B. Gibbons v Ogden 1. Ogden sued Gibbons-said Gibbons couldn’t use Ogden’s waters 2. Supreme Court reinforced fed. gov’t authority to regulate trade between states

American Railroads Peter Cooper 1. built a small steam locomotive called “Tom Thumb” 2. showed the power & speed of steam powered trains 3. railroad had to run up & down steep mountains, tight curves, over rivers

Built the small locomotive called the Tom Thumb Peter Cooper

B. Railroads 1. connected most major cities in east 2. economy grows-more goods shipped than any other country 3. railroad companies become the most powerful business in nation Transportation Revolution Brings Changes A. New Fuel 1. wood is replaced by coal 2. coal mining industry booms 3. steel made by heating iron ore to very high temps 4. steel used to make the rails

Passenger train in the early 1800s

Train going over a trestle bridge build out of wood

Mine coal coal used to heat ore to high temps ore is made into steel steel used to make rails for trains provides a better track than iron

B. Effect of Railroads 1. logging industry expands 2. settlers travel quicker to new lands 3. deforestation-cutting down & removing trees 4. Chicago became an important transportation hub

Section 4: More Technological Advances I. Telegraph Speeds Communication A. Samuel F. B. Morse 1. telegraph sends information over wires across great distances 2. Morse code is a combination of dots & dashes that represent the alphabet II. Steam Power & New Factories A. Factories Flourish 1. steam powered machines replace water powered 2. build factories almost anywhere 3. many build close to cities

Perfected the telegraph Samuel F. B. Morse

Improved Farm Equipment John Deere-invented a steel blade plow Cyrus McCormick developed the mechanical reaper both inventions helped farmers increased the production of crops IV. Changing Life at Home A. Isaac Singer 1. improved the sewing machine 2. companies mass produce products 3. prices of goods goes down 4. more families can afford items

John Deere

Inventor of the mechanica l reaper Cyrus McCormick

Isaac Singer