Schematic describing metabolism of selected amino acids and the related production of metabolic stimulus-secretion coupling factors involved in insulin.

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Schematic describing metabolism of selected amino acids and the related production of metabolic stimulus-secretion coupling factors involved in insulin release. Schematic describing metabolism of selected amino acids and the related production of metabolic stimulus-secretion coupling factors involved in insulin release. The pathway of glutamine metabolism via glutaminase, GDH, and entry into the TCA cycle (glutaminolysis) is illustrated along with essential points of amino acid interaction with glutamine and glucose metabolism. αKG, α-ketoglutarate; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; AT, aminotransferase; BCKDH, branched-chain α-keto-acid dehydrogenase; PC, pyruvate carboxylase; PDH, pyruvate dehydrogenase; KIC, α-ketoisocaproic acid. Philip Newsholme et al. Diabetes 2006;55:S39-S47 ©2006 by American Diabetes Association