Food Systems for Food Security On-Farm Supply Issues Hans H. Stein University of Illinois http://nutrition.ansci.illinois.edu

Current Research Energy and nutrient digestibility in pigs Amino Acids Minerals Lipids Carbohydrates (starch and fiber) Use of pigs as models for humans Amino acids Energy and fiber

Ileal AA Digestibility

Amino Acid Nutrition in Humans H. H. Stein

Human Malnutrition Marasmus Kwashiorkior Goiter Anemia Energy and protein deficiency Kwashiorkior Deficiency of protein (quality or quantity) Goiter Iodine deficiency Anemia Deficiency of iron, vit. B12, or folic acid

Kwashiorkor

Preparation of Casava

Nutritional Value of Casava H. H. Stein

Kwashiorkor

Protein Requirements Is a requirement for indispensable AA AA are needed for maintenance, growth, and milk protein synthesis Greatest requirement (as % of diet) in children, teenagers, and pregnant and lactating women No storage of excess AA – needed every day

Liebig’s Barrel

AA intake of 8 year old boy 100 g rice + 55 g beans H. H. Stein

AA intake of 8 year old boy - 100 g rice + 55 g soy flour H. H. Stein

H. H. Stein

Digestible Indispensable Amino Acids Scores (DIAAS) DIAAS values indicate the first limiting AA in Food Proteins H. H. Stein

First Peer Reviewed Publication

First Peer Reviewed Publication

DIAAS in Cereal Grains (> 3 years) Cervantes-Pahm et al., 2014 H. H. Stein

DIAAS in Soy Proteins (> 3 years) Unpublished, Univ. IL, 2014 H. H. Stein

Current and Future Research DIAAS values in 4 dairy proteins and 4 plant proteins (Ongoing) Future: DIAAS values in 100 food proteins (in collaboration with 3 other Universities) Further refinement of systems for AA evaluation in humans

Acknowledgement http://nutrition.ansci.illinois.edu H. H. Stein