Introduction to Nursing TOPIC 1: Introduction to Nursing Learning Goal C: Identify the systems of a healthy body HLT33115 Unit: HLTAAP001 - Recognise healthy body systems Related Assessment: Task C

Recap - https://www.emaze.com/@AWWCWRWR/Untitled

Immune System Immune System - is the body’s defence mechanism against infectious pathological viruses, bacteria, fungi and parasites.

Immune System Organs: Bones (bone marrow), Lymph nodes, Spleen, Peyer’s Patch, Tonsils, Thymus, Skin (Integumentary system) Tissue: Epithelial Cells Cells: Epithelial cells, Leukocytes Molecules: Fatty acids, acids,

Immune System Bones (bone marrow) – Makes B-Cells lymphocyte (leucocyte) for the acquired immune system Lymph nodes – collection of lymphocytes and macrophages around that collect dead cells and pathogens in the lymph tissue Spleen – organ that filters the blood of all old and dying red blood cells, stores platelets to be released into the blood as a result of blood loss, contains lymphocytes and macrophage to attack infections in the blood. Peyer’s Patch – Lymphatic tissue in the small intestines full of lymphocytes to kill pathogens that enter the small intestines Tonsils – (2 lingual, 2 palatine and 1 pharyngeal) contain lymphocytes to kill and capture inhaled or ingested substances. Thymus – Produces and trains T cells during foetal development and childhood Skin (Integumentary system) - acts as a barrier to stop pathogens entering our body.

External Defences Coverings and linings i.e. skin (integumentary system Chemical barriers (i.e. stomach lining) Internal Defences Fever - raise the normal temperature outside of its normal range Inflammation Leukocytes (white blood cells) - Innate immunity Adaptive Specific immunity

Key points: Detect, Deflect and Destroy Innate Immune System External: Physical Barrier - skin, epithelial cells and mucosal layers) Internal - Fever, Chemical Signals and inflammation Phagocytes (neutrophils, macrophages) Natural Killer Cells (Kill own cells) Process of innate immune system:: Redness, swelling, heat, pain Swelling Phagocytosis and Nursing Assessment: Temperature, Wound assessment

Key points: Detect, Deflect and Destroy Acquired Immune System Humoral Immunity - antibodies - detect antigens Cell Immunity (B cells and T Cells) Nursing Assessment Urinalysis Pathology Blood Test

A healthy immune system therefore should include skin intact - not red, hot, painful or swollen gastrointestinal tract functioning well - producing mucosa no presence of infection within our internal systems i.e. UA-NAD for Leukocytes in urine Temperature remains between 36.5-37.4C No diarrhoea Lungs clear – nil yellow phlegm

If infection present - normal immune response should occur: Innate Immune response - red, hot swelling, painful (may involve low grade-fever 37.8-38C). (NB: If fever and infection continues for long periods of time this can become abnormal and can cause issues). Acquire Immune Response – Immunity - should be quick if they have come across the pathogen before.

So What. Summary Key Terms- these are taken from our discussions So What? Summary Key Terms- these are taken from our discussions. Please note these are not exact definitions but provide a general understanding. A healthy immune system A healthy immune system therefore should include skin intact - not red, hot, painful or swollen gastrointestinal tract functioning well - producing mucus no presence of infection within our internal systems i.e. UA-NAD for Leukocytes in urine Temperature remains between 36.5-37.4C No diarrhoea Lungs clear – nil yellow phlegm Nursing Observations: Skin assessment Wound assessment Temperature Urinalysis Stool Sample Sputum Sample Immune system – is the body’s defence mechanism against infectious pathological viruses, bacteria, fungi and parasites. Organs: Bones (bone marrow), Lymph nodes, Spleen, Peyer’s Patch, Tonsils, Thymus, Skin (Integumentary system) Tissue: Epithelial Cells Cells: Epithelial cells, Leukocytes Key Terms External Defences Coverings and linings i.e. skin (integumentary system Chemical barriers (i.e. stomach lining) Internal Defences Fever - raise the normal temperature outside of its normal range Inflammation Leukocytes (white blood cells) – Innate Leukocyte Defence Phagocytes (neutrophils, macrophages) Natural Killer Cells (Kill own cells) Acquired Leukocyte Defence 1) Humoral Immunity - antibodies - detect antigens 2) Cell Immunity (B cells lymphocyte and T Cell lymphocyte) Bones (bone marrow) – Makes B-Cells lymphocyte (leucocyte) for the acquired immune system Lymph nodes – collection of lymphocytes and macrophages around that collect dead cells and pathogens in the lymph tissue Spleen – organ that filters the blood of all old and dying red blood cells, stores platelets to be released into the blood as a result of blood loss, contains lymphocytes and macrophage to attack infections in the blood. Peyer’s Patch – Lymphatic tissue in the small intestines full of lymphocytes to kill pathogens that enter the small intestines Tonsils – (2 lingual, 2 palatine and 1 pharyngeal) contain lymphocytes to kill and capture inhaled or ingested substances. Thymus – Produces and trains T cells during foetal development and childhood Skin (Integumentary system) - acts as a barrier to stop pathogens entering our body.