Toll-Like Receptor Activation during Cutaneous Allergen Sensitization Blocks Development of Asthma through IFN-Gamma-Dependent Mechanisms Rita Haapakoski,

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Toll-Like Receptor Activation during Cutaneous Allergen Sensitization Blocks Development of Asthma through IFN-Gamma-Dependent Mechanisms Rita Haapakoski, Piia Karisola, Nanna Fyhrquist, Terhi Savinko, Sari Lehtimäki, Henrik Wolff, Antti Lauerma, Harri Alenius Journal of Investigative Dermatology Volume 133, Issue 4, Pages 964-972 (April 2013) DOI: 10.1038/jid.2012.356 Copyright © 2013 The Society for Investigative Dermatology, Inc Terms and Conditions

Figure 1 The effects of intradermal (i.d.) administration of Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands on the lung inflammatory response. (a) The study protocol. (b) Lung resistance (RL) and (c, d) the total number of cells and eosinophils in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid. (e) Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) staining of mucus-producing cells. Results are indicated as the average of PAS+ cells per 200μm of bronchus surface. Number of immunohistochemically stained (f) F4/80+ antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and (g) CD3+ cells in the lungs counted as an average from five randomly selected areas. TLR ligands upregulated (h) ovalbumin (OVA)-specific IgG2a and downregulated (i) OVA-specific IgE antibodies in the serum, as measured with ELISA. Results are presented as absorbance units (405nm). *P, 0.05; **P, 0.01; ***P, 0.001. n=8 mice per group. AHR, airway hyperreactivity; HPF, high power field; i.n., intranasally; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; OD, optical density; PBS, phosphate-buffered saline. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 2013 133, 964-972DOI: (10.1038/jid.2012.356) Copyright © 2013 The Society for Investigative Dermatology, Inc Terms and Conditions

Figure 2 The expression of Th1, Th2, and proinflammatory cytokines at the RNA level in the lung after Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligand exposures. (a) Relative amounts of Th2-type cytokine RNAs IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13, and (b) the amount of pro-Th2-type cytokine IL-33 in lung tissue. (c) The amount of mRNA of Th1-type IFN-γ in the lungs. All cytokines are determined by reverse transcriptase–PCR as relative units (RU). *P, 0.05; **P, 0.01; ***P, 0.001. n=8 mice per group. LPS, lipopolysaccharide; OVA, ovalbumin; PBS, phosphate-buffered saline. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 2013 133, 964-972DOI: (10.1038/jid.2012.356) Copyright © 2013 The Society for Investigative Dermatology, Inc Terms and Conditions

Figure 3 The effect of Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands on lung regulatory factors at the RNA levels after 4 weeks of sensitization. The relative expressions of (a) transcription factor Foxp3, (b) cytokine IL-10, and (c) an inhibitory molecule CTLA-4 were determined by reverse transcriptase–PCR. *P, 0.05; **P, 0.01; ***P, 0.001. n=8 mice per group. LPS, lipopolysaccharide; OVA, ovalbumin; PBS, phosphate-buffered saline. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 2013 133, 964-972DOI: (10.1038/jid.2012.356) Copyright © 2013 The Society for Investigative Dermatology, Inc Terms and Conditions

Figure 4 The recruitment and activation status of dendritic cells (DCs) in draining lymph nodes (LNs). Ovalbumin (OVA)-Alexa647 was intradermally administered alone or with 10μg or 30μg of Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands, and the draining LNs were collected 24hours after injection. (a) The total number of OVA+ CD11c+ DCs and their activation status were measured as the surface expression of (b) CD80, (c) CD86, and (d) major histocompatibility complex II (MHCII) by flow cytometry (pool of three mice). (e–h) The same parameters were studied in a kinetic study, in which LN cells were collected from local draining LNs 0, 2, 4, 6, 9, 24, or 48hours after the intradermal injection. *P, 0.05; **P, 0.01; ***P, 0.001. n=3–5 mice per time point. LPS, lipopolysaccharide. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 2013 133, 964-972DOI: (10.1038/jid.2012.356) Copyright © 2013 The Society for Investigative Dermatology, Inc Terms and Conditions

Figure 5 T-cell phenotyping of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid cells by FACS. BAL fluids were collected after 4 weeks of sensitization with ovalbumin (OVA) or OVA and Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands. The (a) total number of CD4+ T cells and their (b) IFN-γ and (c) IL-13 production were measured by flow cytometry. (d) The number of CD8+ T cells and their (e) IFN-γ production as well as their activation status were determined by the expression of (f) CD69. *P, 0.05; **P, 0.01; ***P, 0.001. n=3, each representing a pool of BAL fluid from three mice. LPS, lipopolysaccharide; PBS, phosphate-buffered saline. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 2013 133, 964-972DOI: (10.1038/jid.2012.356) Copyright © 2013 The Society for Investigative Dermatology, Inc Terms and Conditions

Figure 6 The effect of IFN-γ neutralization on Th1/Th2-type cytokines and airway inflammation. Mice were sensitized as shown in Figure 1a by ovalbumin (OVA) with 10μg of LPS. On day 27, the mice were treated intraperitoneally (i.p.) with 200μg anti-mouse IFN-γ mAb or control IgG1, and intranasally (i.n). on days 28, 29, and 30 together with OVA. The relative amount of (a) Th1-type cytokine IFN-γ and Th2-type (b) IL-5 and (c) IL-13 mRNAs was measured at the RNA level in lung tissue by reverse transcriptase–PCR on day 31. The amount of (d) eosinophils, (e) neutrophils, and (f) lymphocytes in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids counted from May-Grünwald Giemsa (MGG)-stained slides. *P, 0.05; **P, 0.01; ***P, 0.001. n=8 mice per group. LPS, lipopolysaccharide; PBS, phosphate-buffered saline. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 2013 133, 964-972DOI: (10.1038/jid.2012.356) Copyright © 2013 The Society for Investigative Dermatology, Inc Terms and Conditions