19th October 2004 Society of Indian Automobile Manufacturers New Delhi Automobile Industry’s Views for Control of Emissions from Mobile Sources 19th October 2004 Society of Indian Automobile Manufacturers New Delhi

About SIAM Representing 36 vehicle & vehicular engine manufacturers Sustainable growth & development of automotive industry Focus on technology : environmental and safety Dissemination of information - publications, conferences Channel of communication SIAM is the apex industry body representing 35 leading vehicle and vehicular engine manufacturers SIAM’s principal focus has been on technology with emphasis on environmental and safety aspects It is committed to playing proactive role on all issues to promote sustainable development of the automotive industry It is the most important channel of communication for the automobile industry with Government, national and international organisations Dissemination of information - various publications, reports on production & sales, organising conferences SIAM 2

Action Plans of State Governments Several Recommendations for Transport Sector Mainly focusing on: CNG LPG New Vehicles Need to address emission contribution from other sources Industry Transport Others (Domestic/ Road Dust) Each Sector to have Target and Plans SIAM 3

Integrated Approach for Transport Sector Air Pollution is a very Complex Problem. Need for an Integrated approach New Vehicle Emission Standards Alternative Fuel Traffic Management Fuel Quality In-Use Vehicle Emission Management SIAM 4

Tightening of Emission Standards 89% - New Cars CO+HC+NOx (g/km) 62% PM Emissions 72% New Diesel Vehicles CO+HC+NOx +PM (g/kWh) PM (g/km) 90% - New 2-W CO+HC+NOx (g/km) SIAM 5

Commensurate Fuel Quality to be made available Emission Roadmap 01 April, 2010 01 April , 2005 01 April, 2005 Commercial Vehicles Passenger Cars Bharat Stage IV (11 Metros)* Bharat Stage III (Entire Country)* (11 Metros) Bharat Stage II (Entire Country) Vehicle Category 11 Metros: Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai, Kolkata, Bangalore, Hyderabad, Ahmedabad, Pune, Surat, Kanpur, Agra * To be reviewed in 2006 Commensurate Fuel Quality to be made available SIAM 6

New Light Duty Vehicle Emissions Standards in Asia SIAM Source: ADB

In-Use S.I. Vehicle Emission Norms (w.e.f. 1st Oct ’04) Pre April 2000 vehicles Post April 2000 vehicles Category of Vehicles No. CO (%) HC (PPM) CO (%) HC (PPM) 01. 2 Stroke 2&3 Wheelers 4.5 9,000 3.5 6,000 02. 4 Stroke 2&3 Wheelers 4.5 9,000 3.5 4,500 03. BS-II Passenger Cars/ CNG/ LPG with closed loop 3- way Catalytic Converter 3.0 - 0.5 750 4-wheeler Vehicles (Petrol/ CNG/ LPG) 3.0 04. - 3.0 1,500 SIAM 8

New Checking Process for Diesel vehicles Measurement of Free Acceleration Smoke Smoke Density- 65 HSU or K (1/m) = 2.45 Engine oil temperature Test cannot commence unless the specified Temperature is reached – 60OC RPM Checked each time the accelerator is pressed To ensure repeatability of the Test Do not delay Introduction: Existing equipment can be used for some categories of vehicles SIAM 9

Considerations for using Alternative Fuel Availability of the fuel Infrastructure for handling and distribution Safety considerations Cost of fuel Cost of vehicle Operating range There should be an optimal mix for use of Alternative Fuel SIAM 10

Traffic Management INCREASE TRAVEL EFFICIENCY Traffic Signals Intersection Improvements Traffic Management Bus Priorities Pedestrian Priorities Road Construction Rail Construction Flexi-time Planning Driver Training Landscape Additions Land Use Redistribution Impact much more than change in Fuel SIAM 11

Initiatives by Industry Meet Stringent New Vehicle Emission requirement Supported development of Fuel Testing Laboratory Future Technologies Hydrogen Vehicles Training/ Awareness Programmes Organised Free I&M Camps Pollution Checking process Integrated Approach to Vehicular Pollution Control Driver Training Safety Awareness Traffic Management Inspection and Maintenance of Vehicles Vehicle Retirement Policies SIAM 12

Initiatives by Industry Introduced the concept of Computerised Emission Check System Model PUC Centres Need for greater monitoring and enforcement Efforts to be made in collating and analysis of data Networking would be an effective step Third party audit SIAM 13

Increased Role of Pollution Control Boards Need for good source apportionment studies in India Need for Health Studies Uniform regulations across the country Results optimisation Uniformity of understanding in all states Greater scope for exchange of best practices Active role to be played by PCBs for addressing issues of in-use vehicle management Audit of the Centres (eg.: WBPCB) Devise Policies for Modernisation of Vehicle Fleet Discourage Old Polluting Vehicles All policies to be based on Air Quality Requirements Pollution Control Board to lead the discussions on future emission norms in the country Specify norms not Technology SIAM 14

Diesel Vehicle !!! Delhi Estimates SIAM 15

I-Industrial, R-Residential Air Quality Trends I I R R I It has been mentioned by certain groups that NOx level and the level of some other pollutants have gone up at the ITO crossing. On analysis of the data obtained from CPCB, we find that, while the figures for ITO crossing show high trend, that for the average of 6 other intersections are not showing such high values. This leads us to believe that ITO crossing may have been impacted by other possible polluting sources which are not present in 6 other intersections. R I R I-Industrial, R-Residential Source: CPCB 16 SIAM

Focus on Transport Sector Vehicle Population 2004 Data 17 SIAM

Percentage Contribution by Various Vehicle Categories NOx PM CO HC It is also seen that all segments of the automobiles plying on the roads have some contribution or other of the total pollution load. Therefore, it emerges that every vehicle type, whether it is petrol or diesel or CNG or for that matter bus, truck, car or 2-3 wheeler, each has its own typical pollutants. Therefore, it is a choice for the authorities to tackle on a priority basis, each pollutant which have higher adverse impact on health of the people and which can be dealt with in a cost effective manner. Calculations based on Vehicle data from Transport Department Emission Factors from CPCB report & data generated by Vehicle Manufacturers (Estimates for year 2004) 18 SIAM

Emission Load in Delhi from Power Plants vis-à-vis Automobiles Tons Per Day NOx SO2 PM Badarpur 130.00 105.00 35.00 Indraprastha 25.00 8.00 Rajghat 15.00 20.00 5.00 Pragati 7.57 - IP Gas Turbine 2.06 Total (year 2004) 179.63 150.00 48.00 Automobiles SIAM Calculations (year 2004) 120 20 25 CRRI Study (year 2002) 110 NA 13 Let us study the impact of power-stations vis-à-vis automobile pollution load as these are the only two sectors for which we could access contemporary data. It is seen from these slides, that considering only the 2 sectors i.e. automobiles and the power sector, both the NOx and PM loadings of automobiles are below 50% of the total contributed by these two. This factor may have an overbearing effect on the typical air quality pattern at the ITO intersection. The variation in SIAM estimates & the CRRI study could possibly be due to actual vehicle count undertaken by CRRI while SIAM calculation is based on the 2004 registration data available from Transport Department. CRRI has used vehicle population data up to year 2001-2002 Calculations based on Vehicle data from Transport Department Emission Factors from CPCB Report & Data generated by vehicle manufacturers Power Plant data from Ohio Supercomputer Centre Study (2003 Report) & Pragati Power Stationc 19 SIAM

In-Use Vehicle Management Contribution to Emission Load by Vintage in Percentage for all Vehicles Source: Vehicle Data- Transport Department Emission Factors- CPCB Report & Vehicle Manufacturers Need to focus more on In-Use Vehicle Management 20 SIAM

SIAM will be privileged not only to be a catalyst but also work in partnership with State Governments to achieve their goals of Air Quality SIAM 21

Society of Indian Automobile Manufacturers Thank You! Society of Indian Automobile Manufacturers Core 4B, 5th Floor, India Habitat Centre Lodi Road, New Delhi – 110 003 Tel: +91 11 24647810/11/12 Fax: +91 11 24648222 Email: kkgandhi@siamindia.com