NB-IoT as enabler for mMTC 1 1

IoT grounds 2 Soon: each device having TCP/IP stack 2

IoT market landscape 3 IoT in numbers 28 billions of connected devices by 2021* IoT market USD 19 trillions by 2026** More than 104 companies involved by 2020*** *Cellular Networks: Challenges and Practical Considerations,” IEEE Com. Mag., V. 53(9), 2015, pp. 18–24. **Cisco, “Embracing the Internet of Things,”www.cisco.com/c/dam/ac79/docs/innov/IoE_Economy.pdf. ***Ericsson, “Cellular Networks for Massive IoT,” www.ericsson.com/res/docs/whitepapers/wp_iot.pdf. 3

IoT classification 4 Massive IoT Mission-critical IoT The concept goes back to the end to 90s. Initially the first thing that comes to our minds is some type of remote telemetry. Measuring, e.g., power or water consumptions of households, etc. Smart homes comes next to facilitate various functionalities, e.g., remote. Refrigerators with automatic buying capabilities were a dream at those days, now there are on the market. 4

Massive IoT requirements 5 5

Massive IoT enablers 6 Proprietary Standardized 6

Comparison 7 7

NB-IoT implementation and bands 8 Implementations Standalone Guard band LTE In-band LTE Operational frequencies 868 MHz LTE bands 8

NB-IoT areas 9 9

Out-of-the-box use case 10 Marine cargo traffic (https://www.marinetraffic.com/) Container monitoring is IoT Most cargo vessels are close coast They use satellite links for IoT 10

Marine cargo IoT 11 Use onshore NB-IoT infrastructure Case 1: direct offloading Case 2: ship-mounted relays Case 3: UAV relays 11

Feasibility 12 Downlink Uplink 12

Earth curvature 13 Radio horizon may limit Recall relaying systems, tropospheric communications… 13

Some benchmarks 14 Three cases: direct, ship-relaying, UAV relaying Always on satellite link as a backup What are the gains? Backlog evolution 14

Offloading gains 15 15

Latency 16 16

Mean sensor lifetime 17 17