Case Principles Holdings Related Case Marbury v Madison (1803) Article III – Judicial Branch The Supreme Court is allowed to nullify an act of the legislative or executive branch that violates the Constitution. United States v. Nixon (1974) – SCOTUS has final voice in determining constitutional questions; no person, not even POTUS, is above the law; and the POTUS cannot use executive privilege as an excuse to withhold evidence that is "demonstrably relevant in a criminal trial."

Case Principles Holdings Related Case McCulloch v Maryland (1819) Supremacy Clause Established supremacy of the US Constitution and federal laws over state laws. United States v. Comstock (2010) - The Court held that the federal government has authority under the Necessary and Proper Clause to require the civil commitment of individuals already in Federal custody. The practice was upheld against a challenge that it fell outside the enumerated powers granted to Congress by the Constitution.

Case Principles Holdings Related Case Schenck v United States (1919) First Amendment – Free Speech Speech creating a “clear or present danger” is not protected. Dennis v. United States (1951) – The Court ruled that Dennis did not have the right under the First Amendment if the exercise involved the creation of a plot to overthrow the government.

Case Principles Holdings Related Case Brown v Board of Education (1954) 14th Amendment – Equal Protection Clause Race based segregation is illegal. Regents of University of California v Bakke (1978) – The Court upheld affirmative action, allowing race to be one of several factors in college admission policy. However, the court ruled that specific racial quotas, such as the 16 out of 100 seats set aside for minorities were impermissible.

Case Principles Holdings Related Case Baker v Carr (1961) Fourteenth Amendment – Equal Protection Clause Establishes “One Man, One Vote”& opens the door to courts reviewing redistricting challenges. Evenwel v. Abbott (2016) - held that the principle of one person, one vote allows states to use total population, not just total voting-eligible population, to draw legislative districts.

Case Principles Holdings Related Case Engel v Vitale (1962) Establishment Clause Schools cannot sponsor religious activities. Santa Fe Independent School Dist. V. Doe (2000) – The Court ruled that a policy permitting student-led, student-initiated prayer at high school football games violates the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment.

Case Principles Holdings Related Case Gideon v Wainwright (1963) Sixth Amendment Guarantee of an attorney for the poor or indigent. Luis v. United States (2016) - held that the Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution prohibits the pre-trial restraint of assets needed to retain a defendant's counsel of choice when those assets have not been used in conjunction with criminal activity.

Case Principles Holdings Related Case Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District (1969) First Amendment – Free Symbolic Speech Public school students have the right to wear black armbands in school to protest the Vietnam War. Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier (1988) – The Court held that public school student newspapers that have not been established as forums for student expression do not receive full First Amendment protections.

Case Principles Holdings Related Case New York Times Co. v. United States (1971) First Amendment – Freedom of Press Establishes a “heavy presumption against prior restraint” even in cases involving national security. Nebraska Press Association v. Stuart (1976) - The case involved a debate whether or not the press may be prevented from releasing through publication information which was seen to be "implicative of guilt" related to the defendant SCOTUS held unconstitutional ¬prior restraints on media coverage during criminal trials.

Case Principles Holdings Related Case Wisconsin v. Yoder (1972) Establishment Clause Compelling Amish students to attend school past the eighth grade is illegal. Church of the Lukumi Babalu Inc. v. City of Hialeah (1993) - held that an ordinance passed in Hialeah, Florida, forbidding the "unnecessar[y]" killing of "an animal in a public or private ritual or ceremony not for the primary purpose of food consumption", was unconstitutional.

Case Principles Holdings Related Case Roe v Wade (1973) Fourth Amendment Protects the right of a woman to have an abortion Washington v. Glucksberg (1997) – The Court unanimously held that the Due Process Clause did not protect a right to assisted suicide in the United States.

Case Principles Holdings Related Case Shaw v Reno (1993) 14th Amendment – Equal Protection Clause Legislative redistricting must be conscious of race Miller v. Johnson (1995) – The case concerned "affirmative gerrymandering/ racial gerrymandering", where racial minority-majority electoral districts are created during redistricting to increase minority Congressional representation. The court held the Georgia plan violated the equal protection clause.

Case Principles Holdings Related Case United States v. Lopez (1995) Commerce Clause Congress may not use the commerce clause to make possession of a gun in a school zone a federal crime. Gonzales v. Raich (2005) – The Court held that under the Commerce Clause of the US Constitution, Congress may criminalize the production and use of homegrown cannabis even if state law allows its use for medicinal purposes.

Case Principles Holdings Related Case McDonald v. Chicago (2010) Second Amendment Right to keep and bear arms for self-defense applies to the states. Caetano v. Massachusetts (2016) - unanimously vacated a Massachusetts conviction of a woman who carried a stun gun for self-defense.

Case Principles Holdings Related Case Citizens United v. FEC (2010) First Amendment – Free Symbolic Speech Political spending by corporations, associations, and unions is protected and cannot be limited by law. McCutcheon v. Federal Election Commission (2014) - The Court held that Section 441 of the Federal Election Campaign Act (FECA), which imposed a limit on contributions an individual can make over a two-year period to national party and federal candidate committees, is unconstitutional.