Sources of new β-cells. 1. Sources of new β-cells. 1. Proliferation of β-cells, which requires specific cyclins, cyclin-dependent kinases (cdk), and the.

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Sources of new β-cells. 1. Sources of new β-cells. 1. Proliferation of β-cells, which requires specific cyclins, cyclin-dependent kinases (cdk), and the forkhead box (Fox) M1 transcription factor.(81–83) 2. Differentiation of endocrine progenitors, which express neurogenin 3 (Ngn3) and are located within pancreatic ducts.(59,84,85) 3. Transdifferentiation of other cell types by transfection with transcription factors necessary for endocrine differentiation such as Ngn3, pancreatic and duodenal homeobox 1 (Pdx1), and V-MAF avian musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma oncogene homolog A (MafA) .86 4.Directed differentiation of embryonic stem (ES) and induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells. Justin M. Gregory et al. Clin Diabetes 2010;28:61-70 ©2010 by American Diabetes Association