EU Politics and Governance Dr. Mahamat K. Dodo European Union Center Pusan National University Produced: May 6, 2013

Understanding EU External Relations A Backgrounder: From 1950s to today ─ From the outset the EU has always seen itself as a Civilian Power ─ NATO as the venue where EU Member States could discuss relevant issues during the Cold War that pertained to the foreign and security concerns ─ Early decades of the EU were mainly focused on advancing the economic integration of the Community as a result of the two devastating wars that took place in Europe: WWI & WWII ─ New Politics of Inter-European Cooperation: the sharing of Sovereignty in some policy areas ─ The Post-Cold War Political Landscape: ● Debates about developing an EU Foreign Policy Identity ● The Balkan Wars and the EU´s unsuccessful responses ● Newer Initiatives for EU Security and Defense Capability May 6, 2013                     Dr. Mahamat K. Dodo (PNU EU Center)

Understanding EU External Relations The Treaty of Maastricht and the Principles of the EU´s External Policies: Under the said Treaty, the aims of the European Union´s external policies are the following: safeguard its values, fundamental interests, security, independence, and integrity; b) consolidate and support democracy, the rule of law, human rights and the principles of international law; c) preserve peace, prevent conflicts and strengthen international security, in accordance with the purposes and principles of the United Nations Charter, with the principles of the Helsinki Final Act and with the aims of the Charter of Paris, including those relating to external borders; d) foster the sustainable economic, social and environmental development of developing countries, with the primary aim of eradicating poverty; e) encourage the integration of all countries into the world economy, including through the progressive abolition of restrictions on international trade; f) help develop international measures to preserve and improve the quality of the environment and the sustainable management of global natural resources, in order to ensure sustainable development; g) assist populations, countries and regions confronting natural or man-made disasters; and h) promote an international system based on stronger multilateral cooperation and good global governance May 6, 2013                     Dr. Mahamat K. Dodo (PNU EU Center)

The European Security Strategy (2003) This is another important document besides the Treaty of Maastricht that set out three broad strategic objectives of the EU foreign policy for its policymakers, the document mandates the EU to address a list of global challenges , and they are as follows: ─ Global Challenges and Security Threats ● regional conflicts ● proliferation of weapons of mass destruction ● terrorism, state failure ● organized crime, disease, and destabilizing poverty ─ The 2008 Report on the Implementation of the European Security Strategy ● piracy, cyber security ● energy security, climate change ─ Regional Security ● the Balkans, the Caucasus ● the Mediterranean, the Middle-East ─ Construction of a rules-based Multilateral Order ● international law, ● international security ● strong regional and global institutions May 6, 2013                     Dr. Mahamat K. Dodo (PNU EU Center)

How are the EU´s External Policies Governed or Managed? Pre-Lisbon Policy Processes and Management ─ Institutional Complexity of the EU makes understanding its external policy philosophy and objectives very challenging ─ External policies of the EU here means its policies that shape and govern its relations with other regions of the world and non-member countries The Maastricht Treaty and the EU external policies management: ─ The Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) and the Common Security and Defense Policy (CSDP) are governed through governmental processes ─ The key actors of the CFSP and CSDP governance are the 27 Member States that make decisions on the basis of unanimous agreement through the European Council (the heads of state and government) and the Council of the European Union May 6, 2013                     Dr. Mahamat K. Dodo (PNU EU Center)

How are the EU´s External Policies Governed or Managed? Pre-Lisbon Policy Processes and Management The Maastricht Treaty and the EU external policies management: ─ The external EU trade, foreign aid, and enlargement policies are governed through the supranational or “community” processes ─ The key actors in shaping and governing the above-mentioned EU external policies are the following: ●The European Commission ● The European Council ● The Council of Ministers ● The European Parliament May 6, 2013                     Dr. Mahamat K. Dodo (PNU EU Center)

How are the EU´s External Policies Governed or Managed? Post-Lisbon Policy Processes and Management The Treaty of Lisbon and the EU external policies management: The Lisbon Treaty in force since December 2009 has brought new changes aimed at making the EU external policies more coherent and effective, the Treaty set out to address three areas considered as the main weaknesses of the EU external policies and policy-making in general, the three weaknesses are as follows: ─ Lack of political agreement or consensus among the 27 Member States ● EU “speaks with many voices” who should I call in EU? Henry Kissinger ● a real challenge to develop a long-term strategic policy vision ─ Weak institutional coordination and coherence ● incoherence in intergovernmental and supranational policy objectives ● the EU does not fully leverage the policy instruments it has at its disposal ─ Shortcomings of the rotating six-month national presidencies in EU External Policies ● shifting priorities ● lack of clear continuity in policy direction May 6, 2013                     Dr. Mahamat K. Dodo (PNU EU Center)

How are the EU´s External Policies Governed or Managed? Post-Lisbon Policy Processes and key Innovation The Treaty of Lisbon and the EU external policies management: The creation of the High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy position and the title of the Vice President of the European Commission represented officially as HR/VP ─ The current holder of that job is the former EU Trade Commissioner Catherine Ashton (2009-2014) As an innovation, Ms. Ashton performs official EU duties once held by Javier Solana, the former High Representative for CFSP, the foreign minister of the rotating presidency country and the Commissioner of the External Relations of the EU ─ Thus, Ms. Ashton´s position is devised as a bridge between the intergovernmental aspects and the supranational “community” aspects of the EU external relations May 6, 2013                     Dr. Mahamat K. Dodo (PNU EU Center)

How are the EU´s External Policies Governed or Managed? Post-Lisbon Policy Processes and key Innovation The Treaty of Lisbon and the EU external policies management: The creation of a new EU diplomatic corps, the European External Action Service (EEAS) (December 2010), devised to support the functions of the High Representative in coordination and implementation of the EU foreign policy The Structure of the EEAS ─ The EEAS reflects an institutional merger of the European Commission and the Council of Ministers ● One third of the personnel of the EEAS is to come from the Commission ● One third of the personnel of the EEAS is to come from the secretariat of the Council of the European Union ● One third of the personnel of the EEAS is to come from the national diplomatic services of the member states ─ The Lisbon Treaty also created a new “permanent” President of the European Council, a position currently held by the former Belgian Prime Minister Herman Van Rompuy May 6, 2013                     Dr. Mahamat K. Dodo (PNU EU Center)

Common Security and Defense Policy (CSDP) What is CSDP and When was it established? The Common Security and Defense Policy is the operations arm of the Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) and the Member States of the European Union agreed on its establishment in 1999 Why CSDP and What is the Rationale behind it? ● The rationale behind the establishment of the CSDP was to create an autonomous EU capability to conduct its external operations vis-à-vis NATO What is the Nature of the CSDP? ● The nature of the CSDP is military and civilian at the same time, CSDP has military elements in its configurations but in its first decade of existence, its operations have been mainly civilians, i.e., Police and Judicial Training (“rule of law”) May 6, 2013                     Dr. Mahamat K. Dodo (PNU EU Center)

Common Security and Defense Policy (CSDP) Why Did the EU Create EDA? What have been the Main Activities of the CSDP in its First Decade of Operations? ● Peacekeeping Operations; Conflict Prevention ● Crisis Management; Post-Conflict Stabilization; Humanitarian Missions What is the Strategic Planning of the EU Policy-Makers vis-à-vis the CSDP? ─ The EU Policymakers have sought to create a strong and well-capable CSDP by enhancing and coordinating the EU countries' military capabilities ● The “EU Battlegroups” ● An “EU Army” (not a standing Army rather a group of existing national forces from the Member States that can drawn and deployed for any missions at moment´s notice) ● The establishment of the European Defense Agency (EDA) (2004) Why Did the EU Create EDA? ─ The European Defense Agency was created with the aim to help coordinate defense-industrial and procurement policy of the Union May 6, 2013                     Dr. Mahamat K. Dodo (PNU EU Center)

Common Security and Defense Policy (CSDP) Was the Creation of the CSDP Intended to Rival or Compete with NATO? ─ According to the official version of the EU Policymakers and many European officials, CSDP was not established to rival or compete against NATO, rather it was created to be complimentary and alternative force to NATO when needed What Did the Treaty of Lisbon Say about the CSDP? ─ The Treaty of Lisbon “confirms the primary role of NATO in its members' mutual defense and reiterates that CSDP does not seek to compromise members' commitments to NATO. The existence of CSDP gives the EU an ability to act in cases where EU intervention may be more appropriate or effective, or in situations where NATO or the United Nations choose not to become involved.” May 6, 2013                     Dr. Mahamat K. Dodo (PNU EU Center)

Institutions and Key Actors of the CSDP The following are key institutions and actors of the CSDP: ● The European Council; The Council of Ministers; The High Representative of the Union ● The Political and Security Committee (PSC) plays an important role in helping to shape the political and strategic direction of the CSDP ● EU Defense Ministers participate (not always) in shaping the discussions on security and defense issues ● EU Military Committee (EUMC) is composed of the Member States' Chiefs of Defense (CHODO ● A Crisis Management Planning Directorate (CMPD) aims at integrating civilian and military strategic planning ● A Civilian Planning Conduct Capability (CPCC) is the office responsible to run civilian missions ● A Joint Situation Centre (SitCen) responsible for intelligence analysis and threat assessment ● An EU Military Staff (EUMS) is tasked by the European Union Military Committee to “provide military expertise and advice to the High Representative”. May 6, 2013                     Dr. Mahamat K. Dodo (PNU EU Center)

CSDP Missions So Far Europe and Eurasia Africa Middle East and Asia ►The European Union Rule of Law Mission in Kosovo (EULEX) ► The Military Operation European Union Force (EUFOR) (2004) (Bosnia- Herzegovina) ► The EU Civilian Training Mission (EUPM) (Bosnia-Herzegovina) ► The EU Monitoring Mission (EUMM) (Georgia) The EU has also concluded so far many missions in Europe and Eurasia, chief among them are the missions concluded in Macedonia and Georgia Africa ► The European Union Naval Force (EUNAVFOR) (Operation Atalanta) (Somalia) (2008) ► The EUTM (Somalia) 2010 and based in Uganda ► The (EUSEC RD Congo) (2005) ► The (EUPOL RD Congo) (2007) Concluded missions in Africa are the operation Artemis, EUFOR RD Congo and EUPOL Kinshasa Middle East and Asia ►Afghanistan, Iraq, Israel-Palestinian Conflict Concluded missions in Asia The Aceh-Indonesia mission aimed at helping to monitor the implementation of the 20054 peace agreement between the Indonesian government and the Free Aceh Movement May 6, 2013                     Dr. Mahamat K. Dodo (PNU EU Center)

Thank you for your time and attention May 6, 2013                     Dr. Mahamat K. Dodo (PNU EU Center)