Radio Radio is Everywhere

Radio 99% all homes have a radio 95% of cars 40% listen between 6 a.m. & Midnight 7% radios in bathrooms 3,000 stations webcast on Internet

Radio Origins 1835 Morse code Voice carried over wire Simple but effective Changed America

Guglielmo Marconi Italian inventor Get sound to travel through the air Without wires 1899-American business invest 10 million Military opportunities to broadcasting Broadcasting was born

What is Broadcasting Sending a message, entertainment to a large group of people at the same time using particular medium (radio, TV, newspapers, internet, film) Mass appeal Accepted by majority Easy to understand

David Sarnoff 1912-21 yr. old Sarnoff Receives stress call from “Titanic” Predicts future of radio President of RCA Nation’s largest radio distributor

Gov’t Regulation Gov’t immediately regulates airwaves Unlike Press Radio Act of 1912 Needed a license to broadcast

RCA Gov’t creates a legal monopoly RCA dominates radio-1919-1940’s Gov’t Control-let it run an its own David Sarnoff-Runs it

ASCAP American Society of Composers, Authors & Publishers Sue radio stations for royalties Less people now buying music-get if for free Radio-countersues-if we play it- more people will buy it

Blanket Licensing Agreement Radio stations pay ASCAP a yearly fee Can play all ASCAP artists Eventually-Broadcast Music Inc. Also licenses artists - royalties

Commercials Sponsors paid for shows Budweiser presents the Dark Shadow Paid for rights to put name of show Paid for radio expenses

F.C.C. Radio Act of 1927 1934-Federal Communications Commission Gov’t regulates radio How and when you can broadcast Must operate in “public convenience interest or necessity.

War of the Worlds October 30, 1938 Orson Wells Radio production of “War of the Worlds” People believe it is real Panic, hysteria and impact of radio Staged?

Cars 1948-radios available in cars Transistors-1948-$40.00 Clock Radios-1950’s 1963-50 million cars have radios “Drive Time Audience”-audience listening on way to work 6-9 a.m. 4-7 pm.

William S. Paley 1929 21 yr. Old Paley Tobacco Millionaire Creates CBS Radio Competes with NBC Good for radio

Edward Noble 1941-FCC breaks up NBC Noble-makes Lifesaver candy Pays 8 Million Creates ABC Three major networks

TV Challenges Radio TV explodes in the 1950’s Major stars leave radio-for TV Bob Hope Milton Berle Jackie Gleason News Programs Meet the Press

Changes in Radio Edwin Armstrong develops FM Frequency Modulation Stronger signal Less static RCA fights Armstrong Lose listeners to FM AM-Amplitude Modulation

FM Armstrong dies suddenly RCA settles FM born-1960’s Changes radio forever

Disc Jockeys Before 1935 nobody played records Did not want to pay ASCAP 1940-FCC states-unlimited use of a record With no additional cost to station

New Formats 1940’s all news 1970’s Easy listening Oldies Top 40 1980’s Hispanic

“Payola” Alan Freed-DJ-Cleveland Took money to play certain records 1960-FCC bans action Alan Freed-created term “Rock N’ Roll” R N R Hall of Fame-Cleveland Dies broke and drunk

Working in Radio 12,000 radio stations in U.S. General Manager Program Director On-air personality Accountants Traffic people Production people administrative N.P.R. only public radio

N.P.R. National Public Radio Created in 1970-FM Only public radio in country Alternative to commercial programming

Arbitron Ratings Depends on ratings Cume-average listener over 15 minute period Rating-% of total population station is reaching Share-% of people listening to radio-listening to your station Share-big deal

Making Money Listeners = money More listeners more station charges for a commercial Many feel minorities, non-english speaking and younger listeners do not respond News radio-big Religious Spanish Top 40

Satellite Radio Pay for it Hundreds of channels Not regulated by FCC Specific content Sports Comedy Cooking Music

Telecommunications Act of 1996 Allows radio companies to own more than one station Co’s go crazy Buy up stations Infinity-owns majority of stations