Carbon & the Molecular Diversity of Life Chapter 4~ Carbon & the Molecular Diversity of Life Slide shows combined and modified from: http://gbs.glenbrook.k12.il.us/Academics/gbssci/bio/apbio/Lecture/lecture.htm; http://www.explorebiology.com/

Organic chemistry is the study of CARBON compounds Can form _______ stable covalent bonds at same time (=tetravalence) Common partners = ____________

4 covalent CARBON BONDS form a shape called a ________________ Tetrahedron modified from: http://faculty.uca.edu/~johnc/mole1440.htm

Images from: http://www. school-for-champions TETRAVALENCE makes large complex molecules with a variety of shapes possible http://nrr.georgetown.edu/NRR/struc,actv.html

AP Biology by Campbell and Reese; ©Benjamin Cummings 2005

Hydrocarbons Only carbon & hydrogen _____________ bonding; (Ex: petroleum; lipid ‘tails’) _____________ bonding; ______________ High energy storage http://www.world-petroleum.org/education/petref/index.html

Carbon compounds Skeleton may have single or double bonds http://telstar.ote.cmu.edu/Hughes/tutorial/cellmembranes/

AP Biology by Campbell and Reese; ©Benjamin Cummings 2005

____________- compounds that have the same number of atoms but different structures

______________ isomers differing covalent bonding arrangement C6H12O6 C6H12O6 C6H12O6 http://www.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookCHEM2.html http://217.60.75.10/llt/biokemi/images/galactose.jpg

___________ isomers - differ in arrangement around a DOUBLE BOND _______- form ______- form http://www.chemguide.co.uk/basicorg/isomerism/geometric.html

Be Careful! Single bonds can rotate! . . . it’s still the same stuff http://www.chemguide.co.uk/basicorg/isomerism/geometric.html

____________isomers - differ in arrangement around a ASYMMETRIC carbon ____________isomers - differ in arrangement around a ASYMMETRIC carbon . . . Mirror images AP Biology by Campbell and Reese; ©Benjamin Cummings 2005

Functional Groups ____________Group Ex: alcohols polar (oxygen); soluble in water Names typically end in -ol Ex: Ethanol

Functional Groups ________ Group KETONE: within carbon skeleton ALDEHYDE: at end of carbon skeleton

GLUCOSE is an ALDEHYDE FRUCTOSE is a KETONE http://61039206.sinagirl.com/carbohydate.JPG http://web1.caryacademy.org/chemistry/rushin/StudentProjects/CompoundWebSites/1999/Sucrose/sucrose_structure.gif

Functional Groups _____________ Group Ex: carboxylic acids; polar

Functional Groups _____________ Group Called: amines http://dl.clackamas.cc.or.us/ch106-05/common.htm _____________ Group Called: amines Ex: amino acids (have both amino & carboxyl groups)

Functional Groups | R -C -COO- +NH3 Amino Group Can act as a base and pick up a H+ ion Carboxyl Group can act as an acid and give up a H+ ion H | R -C -COO- +NH3  

Functional Groups ________________ Group Called: thiols http://www.mun.ca/biology/scarr/Disulfide_bridge.htm

DISULFIDE BRIDGES Disulfide bridges stabilize protein structure LYSOZYME http://www.britannica.com/ebc/art-3207/Conformation-of-lysozyme

Functional Groups __________Group phosphate ion Makes molecule negatively charged Can store & transfer energy ~ ATP

Functional Groups __________Group Makes molecule more NON-POLAR METHYLATION: Adding methyl groups to DNA “turns off” genes