Causal diagram showing assumed associations between baseline smoking status, ESRD, and baseline characteristics in the Study of Heart and Renal Protection.

Slides:



Advertisements
Similar presentations
Figure 1. Illustrating confounders with a directed acyclic graph. A.A. Akinkugbe et al. J DENT RES 2016; Copyright © by International &
Advertisements

- Higher SBP visit-to-visit variability (SBV) has been associated
Copyright © 2007 American Medical Association. All rights reserved.
Six-month–adjusted survival after aortic valve replacement (AVR) for severe aortic stenosis (AS) stratified by procedure and preoperative ejection fraction.
Hazard ratio (HR) for mortality for a 1-kg/m2 increase in body mass index (BMI) across the range of baseline BMI among patients with acute ischemic stroke.
Restricted cubic spline plots of the associations between daily fruit intake with body mass index (BMI) (A), waist circumference (B), percentage fat mass.
Body Mass Index and Heart Failure Among Patients With Type 2 Diabetes MellitusCLINICAL PERSPECTIVE by Weiqin Li, Peter T. Katzmarzyk, Ronald Horswell,
Mortality HRs for dialysis modality (PD versus HD) in 23,718 incident dialysis patients using a marginal structural model (MSM) taking into account changes.
Change (with 95% CI) in outcomes by duration of type 2 diabetes
Adjusted all-cause mortality risk by dialysate sodium (DNa) and predialysis serum sodium (SNa). Adjusted all-cause mortality risk by dialysate sodium (DNa)
Figure 1 Mendelian randomization study
Hein Stigum courses DAGs intro, Answers Hein Stigum courses 28. nov. H.S.
Probability of cumulative incidence of ESRD, disease-related death, or death from other cause for the entire cohort. Probability of cumulative incidence.
Survival differences between peritoneal dialysis and hemodialysis among “large” ESRD patients in the United States  Austin G. Stack, Bhamidipati V.R.
Franklin SS, et al. Circulation 2009;119:243-50
OR (95% CI) for CHD associated with inflammatory markers before and after adjustment for established risk factors. OR (95% CI) for CHD associated with.
Description of studies for pooled analyses
Evaluating the Contribution of the Cause of Kidney Disease to Prognosis in CKD: Results From the Study of Heart and Renal Protection (SHARP)  Richard.
Incidence of all renal events according to achieved BP levels, adjusted for age, gender, duration of diabetes, glycosylated hemoglobin, currently treated.
Volume 86, Issue 4, Pages (October 2014)
Adjusted rate ratios of hospital days and admissions for blacks and Hispanics compared with whites by age group. Adjusted rate ratios of hospital days.
Impact of Educational Attainment on Health Outcomes in Moderate to Severe CKD  Rachael L. Morton, PhD, Iryna Schlackow, DPhil, Natalie Staplin, PhD, Alastair.
OR (95% CI) for CHD associated with inflammatory markers in all participants and in subsets of non-users of statins or non-users of aspirin therapy. OR.
Survival advantage in Asian American end-stage renal disease patients1
Connie W. Tsao et al. JCHF 2016;4:
Illustration of model 2, with CFQ-R total score as the outcome.
Volume 73, Issue 8, Pages (April 2008)
Prehypertension: is it relevant for nephrologists?
Relative risk of a major coronary heart disease event (myocardial infarction incidence, fatal coronary heart disease, or coronary revascularization) for.
Forest plot showing the association between center-level characteristics and death-censored technique failure after adjusting for age, sex, race, body.
Secondary (assisted survival) patency for grafts by drug therapy (aspirin [dashed line] versus no aspirin [solid line]). Secondary (assisted survival)
Receiver-operating characteristics analyses for predicting AKI progression or AKI progression with death. Receiver-operating characteristics analyses for.
Receiver operating characteristic curves of prediction models.
Representative transaxial thin computed tomography (CT) sections at mid, mid-low, and low levels of the heart from a control subject (left) showing normal.
Volume 75, Issue 1, Pages (January 2009)
Seven-year cumulative incidence of ESRD according to baseline creatinine clearance (Ccr) and result of urine test for proteinuria (19). Seven-year cumulative.
Connie W. Tsao et al. JCHF 2016;4:
Associations between type of MI and incident HF
Volume 61, Issue 2, Pages (February 2002)
Suggested treatment algorithm for resistant lupus nephritis
Adjusted HRs (95% CIs) for all-cause mortality associated with BMI by smoking status in men and women and by CHD, type 2 diabetes, and cancer status at.
Adjusted HRs (95% CIs) for all-cause mortality associated with body fat percentage by smoking status in men and women and by CHD, type 2 diabetes, and.
Wendy E. Hoy, Megan Rees, Emma Kile, John D. Mathews, Zhiqiang Wang 
Friends, social networks, and progressive chronic kidney disease
Illustration of model 1, with CFQ-R total score as the outcome.
Risk differences for incident stroke, coronary heart disease (CHD), and cardiovascular mortality (per 1000 person-years) by clinical risk factor in the.
Clinical characteristics and laboratory parameters in relation to dose of oral sodium bicarbonate. Clinical characteristics and laboratory parameters in.
For patients with type 2 diabetes and DN, follow-up time was divided into time spent in the following clinical states: DN, CVD, and ESRD in chronologic.
There is significant association between high TG/HDL-C ratio (≥3
Mortality caused by cardiovascular disease (A) and sepsis (B) of patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) treated by dialysis compared with the general.
Adjusted hazard ratio (AHR) of final AVF failure by percent consistent facility aspirin use. Adjusted hazard ratio (AHR) of final AVF failure by percent.
Relationship between excess fluid, as determined by the difference between measured and estimated body water, and plasma albumin (R = −0.40, P = 0.011).
Among three residual kidney function (RKF) indices, only residual urine volume (UV) indicated an independent prognostic value in patients with UV≥0.1 or.
Association of body mass index with all-cause mortality in diabetes and non-diabetes populations, by smoking status. Association of body mass index with.
Association between hyperphosphatemia (serum phosphorus ≥4
Multivariate hazard ratio of average dietary sodium intake for CVD mortality and the impact of adjustment for dietary nutrients. Multivariate hazard ratio.
Causal diagrams that represent three possible relationships between smoking, ESRD, and albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR) in the Study of Heart and Renal.
Effect of intervention differed across racial and socioeconomic groups
Associations of dialysis session length with mortality and hospitalizations. Associations of dialysis session length with mortality and hospitalizations.
Risk of mortality in patients with diabetes and ESRD
Adjusted ORs of increasing severity of heartburn at follow-up in reference to baseline from model adjusted for BMI category, CVD history, BDI score >11,
Estimated survival probability curve in recipients of renal transplants in multivariable–adjusted Cox proportional hazard regression model 2. Estimated.
HR for mortality in ischemic heart disease.
HR for myocardial infarction.
Survival among hemodialysis patients by geographic region in DOPPS 3 (2005–2008), with and without adjustments for patient mix differences. Survival among.
Identification of thresholds for significant renal recovery in relation to patient and renal survival. Identification of thresholds for significant renal.
Mayo Clinic Proceedings
Indirect effects of factors for diabetes in the STEPwise approach to surveillance 2012 survey—Qatar among adults aged 18–64 years. Indirect effects of.
Mortality risk by age at study entry across DOPPS regions.
Increased incidence rate ratio (IRR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for type-specific community-acquired infections across eGFR categories within 12.
Presentation transcript:

Causal diagram showing assumed associations between baseline smoking status, ESRD, and baseline characteristics in the Study of Heart and Renal Protection (SHARP). Causal diagram showing assumed associations between baseline smoking status, ESRD, and baseline characteristics in the Study of Heart and Renal Protection (SHARP). (A) Adjustment for variables considered to be confounders keeps all causal pathways open and blocks all noncausal pathways. (B) Adjustment for effect mediators and colliders blocks causal pathways and creates a biasing pathway. Boxes around variables indicate that they have been adjusted for in analyses. Open causal pathways are highlighted by green arrows (e.g., smoking status at entry into SHARP → urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio [ACR] → ESRD in A), and biasing pathways are indicated by red arrows (e.g., smoking status at entry into SHARP → ACR ← other unknown factors [U] → ESRD in B). *Age, sex, ethnicity, country, and education would also be causes of body mass index (BMI), current drinking, BP, renal status, and ACR. $Prior diseases would also be causes of renal status and ACR. Natalie Staplin et al. CJASN 2017;12:546-552 ©2017 by American Society of Nephrology