What is a cold war? intense political, military, and ideological rivalry between nations, without direct armed conflict.

Origins of the Cold War

The Cold War Broken down Elements of the Cold War: 1. Distrust  2. Differences in ideology  3. (MAD) Mutually Assured Destruction. 4. Arms race  Examples / Events of the Cold War The Berlin Blockade (1948/49)  The Korean War (1950-53)  The Vietnam War (1946-75)  The Cuban Missile Crisis (1962/3) The Space Race (1955-72)  Soviet Troops in Afghanistan (1979) Cold War “Weapons” Propaganda Economic competition Diplomatic moves Scientific competition Espionage Subversion WAR Just not with each other

U.S. Aims Versus Soviet Aims The U.S. wanted: self determination Raw materials ensure stability and new markets Reunite Germany, Europe would be more secure if Germany were productive The Soviets wanted: Communism in other countries Rebuild war-ravaged economy using Eastern Europe’s industrial equipment Control Eastern Europe Keep Germany divided

No reparations for Soviets Soviets declare war on Japan Yalta February 1945 Division of Germany No reparations for Soviets Soviets declare war on Japan Elections for Poland Livadia Palace The “Big Three” Meeting Hall

Truman had been Vice President for 83 days Truman Takes Command Roosevelt died April 12, 1945 Truman had been Vice President for 83 days Was “out of the loop” Honest and willing to make tough decisions

Bargaining at Potsdam July 1945 Stalin does not allow free elections in Poland U.S. and Soviet aims at odds Soviets want reparations from Germany- Truman objects All agreed to take reparations from own occupation zones U.S. emerges from war as a great economic power

"Superpowers"

Supported by United States Charter written in April, 1945 The United Nations Supported by United States Charter written in April, 1945 Settle disputes peacefully Stop wars before they start General Assembly of all members Security Council of 15 members (five permanent) UN goal to promote peace but U.S. and USSR used it as a forum to spread influence

Soviets Tighten Their Grip on Eastern Europe Finland Albania and Bulgaria – occupied 1944 Czechoslovakia – under control by 1948 Hungary and Romania – 1947 East Germany – occupied 1945, German Democratic Republic established in 1949 Finland – Treaty of Cooperation 1948 Yugoslavia – Tito resists Soviet control, remained relatively free of Soviet interference Satellite Nations Sovietization - Adoption of Soviet-like institutions, laws, customs, traditions and the Soviet way of life

Term first used by Winston Churchill in a speech on March 5, 1946 The Iron Curtain Term first used by Winston Churchill in a speech on March 5, 1946 Referred to Communist domination and oppression – Not a LITERAL WALL

Where is it?

Based on ideas of George Kennan Containment Based on ideas of George Kennan Eastern Europe was already lost to Communism Resist attempts to spread Communism elsewhere Became cornerstone of America’s Cold War policy “the main element of any United States policy toward the Soviet Union must be that of a long-term patient but firm and vigilant containment of Russian expansive tendencies.” “long telegram”— “Mr. X” 

Application of policy of Containment The Truman Doctrine Application of policy of Containment Soviets wanted access to Mediterranean from Black Sea U.S. sent aid to Greece and Turkey in 1947 U.S. established military bases in both countries Was the basis of our foreign policy for 40 years “the US would provide political, military and economic assistance to all democratic nations under threat from external or internal authoritarian forces.”

The Russian Threat

The Marshall Plan 1947 European Economic Recovery Plan (“hunger, poverty, desperation and chaos”) Secretary of State George Marshall Soviet Union invited to participate 16 Western European nations joined the plan The U.S. sent approximately $13 billion to Europe in next 4 years More than half to Britain, France and West Germany Secretary of State George Marshall.

Alliances and International Treaties

N.A.T.O North Atlantic Treaty Organization “Collective Security” Mutual military assistance Proposed in 1946 by Louis St. Laurent of Canada Established in April 4,1949 Defend Western Europe from Communism Warsaw Pact created in 1955 as response Containment

Containment "NATO“ – North Atlantic Treaty Organization (1949) “SEATO’ – Southeast Asian Treaty Organization (1955) “CENTO” – Central Treaty Organization (1955)

West Berlin was to be part of West Germany The Berlin Airlift Americans, British and French merged their occupation zones into West Germany West Berlin was to be part of West Germany June 1948, Soviets blocked access to Berlin through East Germany to force the west out Supplies would be brought in by air After 15 months the Soviets gave up the blockade

Airlift Statistics Cargo (short tons) Passengers Flights Total Food Coal Other In Out USA 189,963 1,783,573 296,319 1,421,119 66,135 25,263 37,486 UK 87,841 541,937 240,386 164,911 136,640 34,815 130,091 France 424 896 unk 10,000 278,228 2,326,406

Wrap Up Reading Notes 18.1 due Friday