Conservation.

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Presentation transcript:

Conservation

Work Expanded Mechanical work involves a force acting through a distance. Work can involve a change in internal energy. Temperature may change Temperature did not cause the work Work is an energy transfer that is not due to a temperature difference. Heat is an energy transfer that is due to a temperature difference.

First Law of Thermodynamics Internal energy can only change by heat transferred to and work done by a system. Heat added is + Heat lost is – Work by a system is + Work on a system is - When work is defined as positive on a system it is DU = Q + W.

PV Diagram The ideal gas law links pressure, volume, and temperature. PV = nRT For fixed quantity of gas, any two of the three determine the third. Graph of pressure vs volume describes the system. P V

Slow Motion During rapid change the macroscopic state variables are not well defined. On a PV diagram it is assumed that the system changes slowly. This is a quasi-static change.

Measuring Work The mechanical work can be measured on the PV diagram. The work done is the area under the PV curve describing the system. P V work done

Constant Temperature Walls and top are insulating Changes often involve holding one variable constant. Moving a piston slowly changes pressure and volume. Temperature remains the same. Base is kept at a constant temperature

Isothermal Process For an ideal gas at constant temperature DT = 0, P is inversely proportional to V. P = nRT(1/V) The work done by an ideal gas can be found with calculus. P V

Internal Energy Conserved An ideal gas only changes internal energy with temperature change. DU = 0 From the first law, work done equals heat flow. DU = Q – W Q = W Work done by gas Heat flow into gas

Underwater A scuba diver is swimming at a depth of 25 m where the pressure is 3.5 atm. The exhaled air forms bubbles 8.0 mm in radius. The bubbles stay at 300 K as they rise. How much work is done by each bubble as it expands reaching the surface? The ideal gas law is used to find the amount of gas. P and V are related. This is an isothermal process. W = 0.95 J.