The Hundred Years’ War and the Plague 10-4
The Decline of Church Power In the 14th Century the church began losing political power THE FIGHT Pope Boniface VIII vs. King Philip IV of France Philip taxes French clergy to earn money Boniface says: Clergy can’t pay taxes without his permission The pope reigns supreme over Church and state Philip disagrees and sends to troops to pick up Boniface and puts him on trial Pope escapes and dies a month later Philip rigs the election of the new pope, Clement V (French) Clement moves to Avignon, where the popes will live NICELY for 69 years.
The Great Schism and Its Aftermath Pope Gregory XI moves the pope back to Rome and soon dies People of Rome say “elect an Italian, or die”. Cardinals elect an Italian, Pope Urban VI—not an awesome choice Five months later a group of French cardinals say the election of Urban was invalid and then pick a French pope, Clement VII French Pope goes back to Avignon, Urban stays in Rome There are now TWO POPES! Thus the schism
Solution to the Schism 3 Pope Problem 1. French Pope—Clement VII 2. Italian Pope—Urban VI 3. Pope chosen by a council to solve the problem Solution All three forced to resign Holy Roman Emperor helps the Church choose just ONE pope—Martin V
The Aftermath of the Schism Schism lasts for 39 years (1378-1417) Europe is now divided: France and its allies supported the pope in Avignon England and its allies supported the pope in Rome The Church is weakened Each pope called the other the Antichrist People’s faith in the pope and church was shaken People like John Wycliffe are challenging the wealth and authority of the clergy—believe the Bible is the true ruler No chance at supremacy over the state Lost spiritual authority
The Black Death The most devastating natural disaster in European history Spread by black rats Originally brought by merchants returning fromKaffa Followed trade routes Spread extremely fast As many as 38 of 75 million died in Europe http://www.history.com/topics/black-death/videos#coroners-report-plague
Social and Economic Consequences of the Plague Many thought the Plague was sent by God or Satan Church was criticized for failed prayers Socially: Decrease in Population Led to Anti-Semitism Prominent in Germany Many Jews fled to Poland Economically: Trade declined Shortage of workers increased price of labor Lowered demand for food, therefore price of food
The Hundred Years War 1337-1453 It originated over the duchy of Gascony—a piece of land in France, held by England. France seized the land, England declared war. Began with knightly enthusiasm but was won by peasants Turning point in warfare—meet the longbow: * Greater Striking Power *Longer Range *More Rapid Speed
The Longbow Destroys English archers destroyed French cavalry using the longbow Battle of Crecy—English beat an army three times larger Battle of Poiters Battle of Agincourt Ends chivalric warfare Gone are the days of mounted knights in heavy armor
Joan of Arc According to a treaty, upon the death of the French king Charles VI, the French thrown was to go to Henry V French peasant woman, Joan of Arc comes to the rescue Super religious Thinks the saints want her to free France She inspires the French army and together they capture Orleans Upon victory, the crown goes to Charles son, Charles VII—specifically because of Joan She is captured, tried for witchcraft, and burned at the stake—Charles does nothing to help http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o8r6GYuFTf8
Political Recovery The 15th century brought about the “new monarchies” France: Left poor from the Hundred Years War French monarchy’s prestige and power increased King Louis XI strengthened the taille (property tax) This money gave him the power to re-establish the monarchy England: Civil conflict broke out—War of the Roses Nobles tried to control the thrown but Henry Tudor (Henry VII) established the Tudor Dynasty He strengthened the central govt. He abolished nobles’ private armies Won support by not overtaxing the people
Political Recovery Spain: Christian monarchs won Spain back from the Muslims Two major Spanish kingdoms united with the marriage of Isabella and Ferdinand Both were devout Catholics: Expelled all Jews from Spain Muslims were “encouraged”to convert to Catholicism—eventually expelled from Spain To be Spanish was to be Catholic
Political Recovery Holy Roman Empire Didn’t develop strong monarchal figure. Germany became the land of hundreds of states Eastern Europe struggled to unify their states Russia eventually threw off the power of the Mongols and established a new Russian state under the direction of Ivan III.
End of the Middle Ages Religious Devotion Fades Big Picture Hundred Years’ War is considered the end of the Middle Ages—with the decline of religious devotion and chivalry Age of Faith died The Great Schism hurt faith and authority Scandal in the Church Couldn’t pray away the Plague Religious Devotion Fades Style of warfare changed Longbow redefines warfare The Age of Chivalry died End of the Middle Ages