Fig. 3 Bone regeneration in a critical-size defect with very low doses of BMP-2. Bone regeneration in a critical-size defect with very low doses of BMP-2.

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Fig. 3 Bone regeneration in a critical-size defect with very low doses of BMP-2. Bone regeneration in a critical-size defect with very low doses of BMP-2. (A) A cylindric polyimide sleeve was coated with the polymers (either PEA or PMA; the figure shows a picture of the sleeve and the coating is shown with a florescent dye) and implanted in a critical-size defect (2.5 mm) in a murine radius. Faxitron images show the evolution of the defect at different time points after implanting PEA coated with FN and BMP-2. The total amount of BMP-2 was ~15 ng. (B) Three-dimensional (3D) μCT reconstructions for both PEA and PMA polymers after 4 and 8 weeks, with three conditions: polymer only (PEA and PMA), FN coating on the polymer (FN), and FN coating on the polymer followed by BMP-2 adsorption (FN + BMP-2). The positive control is a PEG hydrogel loaded with ~175 ng of BMP-2. (C) μCT measures of bone volume within the defects. (D) Sections of 8-week radial samples stained with Safranin O/Fast Green. Arrow 1 shows the fibroblast-like morphology of cells. Arrows 2 and 3 show the new bone cells coming out of both distal and proximal sides. Arrow 4 shows bone marrow–like cavities found in the new bone. Arrow 5 shows the point at the contact point of new bone, coming out of both distal and proximal sides. Five animals (n = 5) per condition were used. Symbols show statistical significant differences with all the other conditions (*P = 0.001). Virginia Llopis-Hernández et al. Sci Adv 2016;2:e1600188 Copyright © 2016, The Authors