POLITY A polity is a state or one of its subordinate civil authorities, such as a province, county, municipality, city, or district

STATE State is the most universal and most powerful social institutions Wherever human beings have lived together we find organization and authority It is a number of people associated politically, organised under and through some form of government, occupying a definite portion of the earth’s surface The state exercises authority through laws enacted and enforced by the government

Government Government is public body/ macro level unit for the country Government is the political organization of the state Government is the administrative organ of any state Government is the means by which policies and programmmes are implemented

State and Government Government is the instrument of the state The government is an agent of state It is the practical organization of the state through which the will of the state is formulated, expressed and realised The aims and purpose of the state is executed through government

Types of Government System Aristocracy: Rule by one person Monarchy: Rule by a King Democracy: Rule by people

INDIA ….political overview A thriving democracy Parliament form of government A federal structure: State, Central & UT An independent and impartial judiciary A vibrant media

Democracy Democracy in its purest or most ideal form would be a society in which all adult citizens have an equal say in the decisions that affect their lives Greek word: Demos: People Kratos: Power It as government of the people, by the people, and for the people.

Types of Democracy Direct Democracy: People directly participates in policy making process Representative Democracy: People chose their representative by the election and that representative work on behalf of people/ citizen of that country

Decentralisation Centralization: It is said to be a process where the concentration of decision making is in a few hands Decision making power at top level Deecntralisation: Decentralization is a systematic delegation of authority at all levels of management and in all of the organization

Governance Governance is a act of governing It is a process of policy making, decision making It is related to the welfare of people This process is administered by the government “Governance must necessarily aim at an expansion of social opportunities and removal of poverty. Governance must aim at securing justice, transparency and accountability, empowerment, employment and efficient delivery of services.

Defining and Unbundling ‘Governance’….. The World Bank defines governance as: The exercise of political authority and the use of institutional resources to manage society's problems and affairs Governance: the traditions and institutions by which authority is exercised This includes: The process by which those in authority are selected and replaced (VOICE AND ACCOUNTABILITY; PARTIES, NETWORKS & MEDIATION) The capacity of government to formulate and implement policies(GOVERNMENT AUTHORITY ; REGULATORY QUALITY) The respect of citizens and state for institutions that govern interactions among them (RULE OF LAW, CONTROL OF CORRUPTION)

Role of Governance

Pillars of Democracy Legislation: Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha, Vidhan Sabha, Vidhan Parishad Executive: Bureaucratic structure, execute the functions Judiciary: Maintain law and order in society

Structure of Governance In India we have democratic governing structure: Union/Central Government Rural and tribal State Government Local Self governance Urban GP PS ZP GS Munc. Corp Ward Meetings Ward Munc. Coun.

Thank You