US Imperialism 1898-1920

Built upon the Monroe Doctrine 1823 Colonization of North and South America by European powers was prohibited from that point forward. Any attempts to colonize in the Americas would be viewed as a threat directly aimed at the United States, and that the United States would defend against those threats accordingly. The United States would avoid any participation in European affairs. This included meddling with existing colonies in North and South America belonging to European countries.

List 3 things you see in this cartoon.

Commercial/Business Interests (Markets and Raw Materials)

Military/Strategic Interests

Social Darwinist Theories “TAKE UP THE WHITE MAN’S BURDEN SEND FORTH THE BEST YE BREED GO, BIND YOUR SON TO EXILE TO SERVE YOUR CAPTIVES’ NEED; TO WAIT, IN HEAVY HARNESS, ON FLUTTERED FOLK AND WILD YOUR NEW-CAUGHT SULLEN PEOPLES, HALF DEVIL AND HALF CHILD….” Rudyard Kipling, 1899

US Expansion: late 19th & early 20th centuries Open Door Policy US has equal access to China’s millions of consumers Annexation of Hawaii Naval stations in Hawaii used to protect world trade. Spanish American War Guam, Puerto Rico, the Philippines become US territories

America as a Pacific Power

Spanish American War The Imperialist Taylor

Spanish Misrule in Cuba

Spanish Reconcentration Camps

Yellow Journalism Joseph Pulitzer Randolph Hearst “You furnish the pictures I’ll furnish the war” Hearst to photographer Frederick Remington Randolph Hearst

Theodore Roosevelt Assistant Secretary of the Navy in the McKinley administration. Imperialist and American nationalist. Criticized President McKinley as having the backbone of a chocolate éclair! Resigns his position to fight in Cuba

Rough Riders

“Remember the Maine to Hell with Spain” Sent to Havana Harbor: January Protect US investments and sugar plantations 2/15/1898

Spanish-American War (1898) “Splendid Little War” -US Declaration of War: 4/21/1898 -Blockade of Cuba -attack Spanish fleet @ Manila (a re-supply stop) -4 mo later: US ground troops occupy Cuba, Philippines, Guam -Treaty of Paris, December 1898: independence To Cuba, military base at Guantanamo, Puerto Rico and Guam to US, Philippines to US $20 mil

The Filipinos aren’t on board… Three years of war… An official end in 1902 Thousands of US soldiers and hundreds of thousands of Filipinos died Next 13 years = guerilla battles Self-gov’t granted in 1915

Sphere of Influence

Panama! -Province of Colombia -TR supports secessionist Move by Panamanian Revolutionaries -Revolutionaries declare Independence -US quickly recognizes Panama officially -Sign a treaty for US canal rights $10 mill & $225,000 annual subsidy

Big Stick Diplomacy Teddy Roosevelt Latin American and Caribbean islands Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe Doctrine: US is the “Policeman” of the region US right to regulate internal affairs in nations of the region Haiti, Nicaragua, Dominican Republic

Panama Canal

Speak Softly and Carry a Big Stick

“Dollar Diplomacy” (Howard Taft) Improve financial opportunities for American businesses. Use private capital to further U. S. interests overseas. Therefore, the U.S. should create stability and order abroad that would best promote America’s commercial interests.

Moral Diplomacy: Wilson The U. S. should be the conscience of the world. Spread democracy. Promote peace. Condemn colonialism.

US Investments in Latin America

US Interventions in Latin America: 1898-1920’s

Uncle Sam…one of the boys?

Alaska: Seward’s “Icebox” and “Polar Garden” 1867 $7.2 million Russians thought it too rough of terrain and too hard to defend…wanted to sell it off for years Seward: secretary of state to Lincoln and Johnson: ardent expansionist Criticized for purchase until gold found in 1890’s

Hawaii US Missionaries: since 1820’s US Protectorate by virtue of economic treaties

Queen Lili’uokalani American businessmen retaliate against 1893 uprising (protect plantations) The USS Maine sinking in 1898 establishes need for a Pacific fueling and naval station and senate approves the annexation treaty

US annexes Hawaii in 1898

OPEN DOOR POLICY Secretary of State John Hay for McKinley China & Spanish American War Access to ports New markets No country gets special privileges US maintains a “sphere of influence”

The Open Door Policy Secretary John Hay. Give all nations equal access to trade in China. Guaranteed that China would NOT be taken over by any one foreign power.

The rise to international power Washington’s Farewell Address Monroe Doctrine Alaska Hawaii Guantanamo Bay Puerto Rico Guam Philippines Panama Canal Big Stick Diplomacy Roosevelt Corollary Dollar Diplomacy Moral Diplomacy Open Door Policy Manifest Destiny Social Darwinism White Man’s Burden