Late Medieval Europe

Early Medieval Europe No real government Wars Little trade 1100s—life was better Monarchies Better farming methods Trade

The Crusades Turning point Holy wars between European Christians & Muslims who controlled Holy Land 9 Crusades

1000s—Seljuk Turks took Holy Land Jerusalem closed to Jews & Christians 1095—Byzantine Emperor asked Pope for help

Pope Urban II called for 1st Crusade 1095 Asked for “volunteer army”

Reasons people went: Knights-use skills & get loot Peasants-escape Pope promised immediate salvation Adventure

Between 1096-1099--30,000 Crusaders left 1099—Christians attacked Jerusalem Siege for 2 months & city fell to Christians 1st Crusade=a success! Crusaders set up “Crusader states” in the Middle East & build castles

Siege at Jerusalem in 1099

2nd Crusade 1147-1159 Seljuk Turks reclaiming Holy Land Louis VII (France) & Conrad III (Holy Roman Empire) led armies Failed to recapture Holy Land

Louis and Conrad on Crusade

3rd Crusade 1189-1192 1187—Saladin (Muslim leader) controlled Holy Land Frederick Barbarossa (Germany), Philip Augustus (France), & Richard I (England) led armies Frederick drowned on the way & Philip returned to France

Saladin

Richard negotiated truce Saladin allowed Christian pilgrims into Jerusalem, but city remained under Muslim control

1202-1204 Crusade-never made it to Holy Land Crusaders looted Constantinople 1212—Children’s Crusade 1000s of peasant children headed to Jerusalem They were poor & faithful-believed God would set Jerusalem free

Effects of Crusades 1.) Failed to get Holy Land 2.) Education & technology brought from east 3.) European cities wealthy from trade

Crusades brought Europe out of Dark Age Population increased & towns increased Venice, Pisa, & Genoa were Mediterranean trade cities Flanders was city for cloth trade in N. Europe

Trade fairs Vendors charged “sales tax” to pay rent on land Different towns used different currency Banks=place to exchange currency

Craft Guilds Rules on prices & wages Prohibited competition Protected buyer from poorly made goods Apprentice-learn skill, not paid Journeyman-works for master, paid Master-created “masterpiece”

New Middle Class Bankers Merchants Artisans Didn’t farm; didn’t need land

Medieval Towns Protected by walls; narrow streets Church=largest building in town Wooden buildings=FIRE! NO sanitation Disease spread easily 1348-1350—The Black Plague “The Black Death” Killed 1/3 of Europe’s population in 2 yrs.

Education Catholic Church controlled education 1150—non-Church based schools—Universities Catholic Church DIDN’T LIKE TEACHING ANYTHING OTHER THAN THE BIBLE

The new universities taught many subjects Grammar Rhetoric Logic Geometry Astronomy Music

Scholasticism=blend of religion & reason Writers start using vernacular—everyday languages Church literature STILL Latin

Romanesque & Gothic Architecture

Romanesque Thick walls Small windows Tapestries on walls Curved arches

Gothic Large windows--lots of stained glass Flying buttresses=thinner walls & more windows Pointed arches Spires--tall pointed towers

Hundred Years’ War 1337-1453 England vs. France over French throne Causes go back to 1066 (William of Normandy) & 1152 (King Henry II married Eleanor of Aquitaine) 1328—French king Charles IV died with no heir 1.) King Edward III of England Dead king’s grandson 2.) Philip of Valois Dead king’s nephew

Battle of Crecy 1346 Battle of Agincourt 1415 English outnumbered, but had Longbow- tall as a man & penetrated armor at 300 yards English win!!

French get “savior”—Joan of Arc (peasant girl) Age 17-God told her to drive English out of France

1429—Joan asked Charles—(French heir to throne)—to lead troops Orleans—Joan wins!!! Charles crowned King of France—Charles VII France finally united!!!

1430—Joan captured by her troops & sold to English Sentenced as witch Burned at the stake

England Civil war over English throne War of the Roses (1455-1485) House of Lancaster--Red Rose House of York--White Rose

Duke of York overthrew Lancasters Became King Edward IV 1483 Edward dies leaving 12 year old son king Edward’s uncle Richard=young king’s guardian Richard took throne Richard III Put Edward’s sons in the Tower of London to die

Richard III

1485, Richard killed by Henry Tudor—(Lancaster family) Became King Henry VII Tudor dynasty ruled England until 1603

Henry VII

Spain Spain had 3 parts 1.) Portugal -- West 2.) Castile -- Center 3.) Aragon -- Mediterranean Coast 1469- Ferdinand of Aragon married Isabella of Castile The Inquisition--persecuted non-Catholics

Ferdinand and Isabella

The Weakening Church Four events contributed to the weakening of the Catholic Church: 1.) Babylonian Captivity 2.) Great Schism 3.) Charging of fees for church services (indulgences) 4.) Princely lifestyles of the clergy

1.) Babylonian Captivity In 1305 a French archbishop elected pope Moved papal court to France Pope remained in France until 1377

2.) Great Schism 1378 until 1417 Angry mob forced election of Italian Pope This found invalid- reselected another Pope Time where there were 2 Popes Lay people question & lose respect for Church Church forced 2 to resign & elected Martin V as pope--ending the Great Schism

3.) Charging of Fees for Church Services Clergy charged for services Sold indulgences--paying for forgiveness Simony—sold Church positions

4.) Princely Lifestyles of the Clergy Lavish clothing & jewelry Clergy were supposed to be poor & virtuous

Two Reformers Two very important men became voices of reform These two men did not want to get rid of the Catholic Church, but make it better and less corrupt 1.) John Wycliffe 2.) Jan Hus

John Wycliffe Translated Bible into English--allowed lay people to read it Only Clergy were supposed to read the word of God

John Wycliffe

Jan Hus 14th century Czech leader Taught indulgences were WRONG 1415- Church wanted Hus to defend his views at the Council of Constance BURNED AT THE STAKE

Jan Hus