The Cold War [1945-1991]: I. An Ideological Struggle Soviet & Eastern Bloc Nations [“Iron Curtain”] US & the Western Democracies GOAL  “Containment” of Communism & the eventual collapse of the Communist world. [George Kennan] GOAL  spread world-wide Communism METHODOLOGIES: Espionage [KGB vs. CIA] Arms Race [nuclear escalation] Ideological Competition for the minds and hearts of Third World peoples [Communist govt. & command economy vs. democratic govt. & capitalist economy]  “proxy wars” Bi-Polarization of Europe [NATO vs. Warsaw Pact]

The Division of Berlin

The Bipolarization of Europe

II. George Kennan [“X Article”]: CONTAINMENT Goals. Means II. George Kennan [“X Article”]: CONTAINMENT Goals Means Actual Application Restoration of the balance of power Encouragement of self-confidence in nations threatened by Soviet expansion. Long-term program of U.S. economic assistance [Marshall Plan] Reduction of Soviet ability to project outside power. Exploitation of tensions in international communism. Cooperation with communist regimes; [supporting Titoism in Yugoslavia]

George Kennan [“X Article”]: CONTAINMENT Goals. Means George Kennan [“X Article”]: CONTAINMENT Goals Means Actual Application Modification of the Soviet concept of international relations. Negotiating settlement of outstanding differences. Using “carrots & sticks’; containing Germany with an embrace and Russia at arms length.

National Defense Budget [1940-1964]

III. Changes in National Defense National Security Act of 1947 created the Dept. of Defense. Also created a new cabinet position for Sec. of Defense to oversee military. Joint Chiefs of Staff- top generals from each branch National Security Council (NSC)- advise the president Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)- fact-gathering agency

IV. Truman Doctrine Truman declared that the U.S. would aid any country that was resisting communist aggression. “I believe that it must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures.” -Harry S. Truman

V. Marshall Plan Sec. of State George Marshall offered huge financial assistance to rebuild Europe as long as each nation had a solid plan. Very effective Offered to communist nations as well, but the Soviet Union refused it.

VI. Anti-Communist Feelings Committee on Un-American Activities was established by the House of Reps and led by Richard Nixon. Julius and Ethel Rosenberg were convicted of treason and executed for stealing plans of the atomic bomb and selling them to the Soviets.

VII. Korean War [1950-1953]

Korean War [1950-1953] Kim Il-Sung Syngman Rhee “Domino Theory”- if one country falls to communism, they may all fall like dominoes.

The Shifting Map of Korea [1950-1953] In 1950, the country was split at the 38th parallel. North Korea invaded the South soon after.

DMZ= Demilitarized Zone

4/1 Short Answer Question- 10 minutes Briefly explain ONE cause of the Cold War. Briefly explain ONE of the following: U.N. Security Council Marshall Plan NATO Briefly explain the effects of ONE of the following on the Cold War: Berlin Airlift “Fall” of China Korean War