The Mongol Empire
The Mongols as Rulers The Mongol Peace Mongol rulers are tolerant of other people and cultures. Some Mongols adopt local ways, leading to a split among khanates. The Mongol Peace Peaceful period from mid-1200s to mid-1300s is called Pax Mongolica. There was much east-west trade and exchange of ideas during this period.
Mongolia has always had a vibrant culture
Trade on the Silk Road Improved! The size of the Mongol Empire allowed cultures of different regions to interact with each other for the first time. - Revitalized interregional trade. Conflict and Contact with Mongols= Gunpowder spread all over Eurasia The "Pax Mongolica" made it safe to trade on the Silk Road, which had been too dangerous to travel on since the decline of the Abbasids around 1000 CE.
Trade on the Silk Road Improved! The "Pax Mongolica" made it safe to trade on the Silk Road, which had been too dangerous to travel on since the decline of the Abbasids around 1000 CE. - Built a system of roads and had an effective post system Maintained and guarded the trade routes
The Mongol Empire (post-Genghis)
How did Khanates work? Ruled by the Yasa, or decree of the Khan: SUPER STRICT AND SCARY Meritocracy- promoted because of your skills Religious tolerance Mongol chiefs met with Khan in the Kurultai. (Non-democratic, decision-making discussions) Exempted teachers, lawyers and artists from taxes! Taxed everybody else a lot Women treated better than in any other empire!
Khanate #1: "The Yuan Dynasty" in China Kubilai Khan founded it in 1271 Grandson of Genghis
Khanate #1: "The Yuan Dynasty" in China
Yuan Dynasty Kubilai Khan used Confucian principles to rule Kublai established the Yuan Dynasty (1279-1368), a period of peace and prosperity. Kublai adopts Chinese ways, and builds capital at Beijing. Kubilai Khan used Confucian principles to rule Controlled modern day China, Mongolia, and Korea Also claimed title of "Great Khan" over the other three khanates—really just a title, though. .
Failure to Conquer Japan In 1274 and 1281, Kublai tries but fails to conquer Japan. The Massive second invasion was destroyed by a typhoon. Japanese called it kamikaze meaning “divine wind”
Mongol Rule in China The Mongols and the Chinese Mongols live separately from Chinese Mongols keep top government posts (or give them to foreigners), and put Chinese in local positions. Kublai extends Grand Canal to Beijing, and builds a highway.
Marco Polo journeyed from Venice to the court of Kublai Khan
Marco Polo at the Mongol Court Venetian trader, Marco Polo, visits China in 1275. Possibly part of Kublai’s court Polo returns to Venice in 1292; tells stories of what he saw in China. Fabulous cities, fantastic wealth Burning “black stones (coal) to heat Chinese homes Kublai Khan’s government and trade in Beijing These stories were gathered in a book, “The Travels of Marco Polo” published in 1300. – some truth some fiction
The End of Mongol Rule Declining Power Yuan Dynasty Overthrown Failed expeditions to Southeast Asia show weakness of Yuan Dynasty. High taxes cause resentment. Yuan Dynasty Overthrown Kublai dies in 1294; successors are weak. In 1300s, rebellions break out, leading to formation of Ming Dynasty.
Khanate #2: Il-Khan Dynasty
Khanate #2: il-Khan (or ilkhanate) Took over Abbasid Caliphate in 1258 Relied too much on tax-farming and paper money from China, economic meltdown Turkic nomads in the region started taking over 1453 Sultan Mehmet II captured Constantinople THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE took over!
Khanate #3: Chagatai! (or Chagadai)
Khanate #3: Chagatai Stayed independent and nomadic Smallest, and kept splitting into smaller sections (College Board doesn't care about them! Poor Chagatai Khanate!)
Khanate #4: The Golden Horde!
Khanate #4 The Golden Horde The Golden Horde took over most of Russia and northern Europe in 1223 Tried paper money- didn't work Mongols ruled from afar—Princes of Russia, esp. Moscow, collected taxes--> their towns became political, cultural, and economic centers Broke into smaller khanates.
Long-Term Impact Revitalized interregional trade Conquered territories continued or copied the process of centralized power. Helped to transmit the Black Death from southern China to Central Asia, the Middle East, and Europe. Era of walled cities came to an end due to the invention of the cannon Male Europeans replaced their tunics and robes with the Mongol-style pants and jacket combination.
Timeline of China’s Dynasties, 500-1500