Figure 1 Detailed overview of treatment course and paraclinical findings Maximum intensity projection maps of supratentorial inversion recovery images.

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1 Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 43 Nervous System Complications of Systemic Viral Infections John E. Greenlee.

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Carrie M. Hersh, D.O., Robert Fox, M.D.

Nat. Rev. Neurol. doi: /nrneurol

Figure 1 Perivenous distribution of multiple sclerosis lesions

Figure 2. MRI features of patients with MS who had antibodies to myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein MRI features of patients with MS who had antibodies.

Figure 4 Paradoxical immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome

Figure 1 Initial brain imaging (A–C) patient 1; (D–F) patient 2; (G–I) patient 3; (J–L) patient 4; and (M) patient 2. Initial brain imaging (A–C) patient.

Figure 3 Brain MRI findings in patients with MOG-Ab Extensive brain lesions with large diameter (A and B), posterior reversible encephalopathy–like lesions.

Figure 4 Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder brain lesions

Figure 1 Brain MRI findings in the present case

Figure 4. Brain imaging and neuropathologic demonstration of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) encephalitis in patient PT-10 Brain imaging and neuropathologic demonstration.

Figure 2 Spinal cord lesions

Figure 2 Orbital MRI findings One-third of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody–positive patients revealed extensive enhancement patterns that.

Figure 1 Coronal MRI images showing the evolution of white matter abnormality and atrophy of patient 1 Coronal MRI images showing the evolution of white.

Figure Facial photograph during headache attack and brain and upper cervical cord MRI Facial photograph during headache attack and brain and upper cervical.

Figure Brain MRI of the patient throughout the disease course(A) Brain MRI at the time of cerebral toxoplasmosis diagnosis (a) and after 1 month of toxoplasmosis.

Figure 3 Example of venous narrowing

Figure Immune checkpoint inhibitor–induced encephalitis before and after treatment with natalizumab Immune checkpoint inhibitor–induced encephalitis before.

Figure Radiographic and histopathologic findings (A) Brain MRI at presentation shows multiple areas of T2 hyperintensity in the mesial temporal lobes,

Figure 1. Prebiopsy and postbiopsy MRI

Figure 3. MRI of compressive optic neuropathy caused by dural lesions in sarcoidosis MRI of compressive optic neuropathy caused by dural lesions in sarcoidosis.

Figure Brain MRI and biopsy specimens from the pontine lesion

Figure 2 Brain-infiltrating immune cells mainly consist of CD8+ memory T cells Immunofluorescence staining of brain-infiltrating immune cells. Brain-infiltrating.

Figure Nuclear Nrf2 expression after fumarate therapy A new left occipital fluid-attenuated inversion recovery hyperintense (A), T1 hypointense (B), and.

Figure 1 MRI, pathology, and EEG findings(A) Axial fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) MRI sequences of the brain showing right frontal and parietal.

Figure 1 Cerebral MRI during the disease course Cerebral MRI with multiple cerebral supratentorial lesions during the disease course: periventricular lesions.

Figure 1 MOR103 sequential-dose trial flowchart of study population with multiple sclerosis aPatients received 2 doses of study drug before trial withdrawal.

Figure 2 T2-weighted and subtraction images

Figure 2 Exemplary MRI of a patient with contrast enhancement on postcontrast FLAIR MRI of a 54-year-old patient with viral meningitis caused by varicella-zoster.

Figure 2 7T MRI can differentiate between early PML and MS lesions Two different patterns of brain lesions were observed using 7T MRI: ring-enhancing lesions.

Figure 3 Punctate PML lesions visualized by highly resolving T2

Figure 3 Ultra-high-field MRI at 7.0T (patients 5 and 6)‏

In 507 follow-up images, only 1

Figure Radiologic and pathologic findings Fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) sequence with a single large T2-hyperintense signal involving the.

Figure 2 Example of venous narrowing

Figure 1 Illustration of white matter– and lesion-associated regions of interest (ROIs)‏ Illustration of white matter– and lesion-associated regions of.

Figure 3. Brain imaging and neuropathologic studies in patient PT-5 diagnosed with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy Brain imaging and neuropathologic.

Figure 1 Evolution of blood cell counts during 18-month treatment and follow-up (A) Mean white blood cell count, (B) mean lymphocyte count, (C) mean eosinophil.

Figure 2 Cerebral and spinal MRI (A) Restricted diffusion of both optic nerves (arrows) on diffusion-weighted and apparent diffusion coefficient imaging.

Figure 1 Patients with acute anti–NMDA receptor encephalitis have marked hypometabolism of the visual cortical brain region correlating with the medial.

Figure 1 JCV serostatus JCV serostatus (A) Serostatus of 1,921 natalizumab-treated patients with multiple sclerosis, with JCV− patients shown in black.

Figure 5 Pairwise correlations between selected patient-reported outcomes and performance tests in patients with MS (A) The number of pairwise correlations.

Figure Clinical and radiologic course(A) The T2 contrast-enhanced sequence on day 3 shows an extensive central cord lesion extending from C2 to T7. Clinical.

Figure Postcontrast axial and coronal brain MRI in a patient with CLIPPERS treated with hydroxychloroquineT1-weighted spin echo post IV gadolinium contrast.

Figure 1 Reibergram (CSF/serum quotient diagram) of all included patients Increasing albumin quotients reflect increasing blood-brain barrier dysfunction.

Figure 2 Reduced frequency of central memory CD4 T cells in patients with PML Reduced frequency of central memory CD4 T cells (CD4Tcm) (p < ), naive.

Figure MRI brain 6 weeks post admission (A–C) Symmetrical high signal changes on fluid-attenuated inversion recovery sequences predominantly affecting.

Figure 1 Evolution of MRI findings during interleukin (IL)–7 therapy

Figure 1 Imaging of disease onset and treatment response Repeat MRI scans including fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) (A) and T2 fast field echo.

Figure Leptomeningeal inflammationPostcontrast T1-weighted MRI: abnormal leptomeningeal enhancement over the frontoparietal lobes and interhemispheric.

Figure 1 Radiologic features of patients with white matter syndromes in association with NMDA receptor antibodies Radiologic features of patients with.

Figure 1 MRI findings over time

Figure 2 Pre- and posttreatment contrast-enhanced MRI of second toxoplasmosis lesion in case 1(A) Contrast-enhanced MRI demonstrated a second ring-enhancing.

Figure Imaging, histology/immunohistochemistry, and schematic course of treatment with corresponding clinical and radiologic disease activity Imaging,

Figure 1 Brain MRI Brain MRI (A) Axial fluid-attenuated inversion-recovery images show perilesional edema in both cerebellar hemisphere and hypointense.

Figure Brain MRI findings before and during appearance of lymphoproliferative disorder and pathology findings of cerebellar lesion Brain MRI findings before.

Figure Neurologic, gastrointestinal, and dermatologic findings

Figure 1 Peripheral blood lymphocyte counts during dose titrationB-lymphocyte (CD19+; A) and total lymphocyte (CD45+; B) counts (cells/µL) in peripheral.

Figure 2 Kaplan-Meier survival curves for the fingolimod cohort In each graph, bottom tertile: solid line; middle tertile: long dashed line; top tertile:

Figure 1 MRIs (case 1)‏ MRIs (case 1) An enlarging T2 lesion in the cerebral white matter near the angular gyrus and a new lesion in the left middle cerebellar.

Figure 2 MRIs (cases 2 and 3)‏

Figure 1 Imaging and histopathologic characteristics of patients with CNS-FHL Imaging and histopathologic characteristics of patients with CNS-FHL FLAIR.

Figure 2 Brain MRI features of 3 representatives patients with MS who experienced WNS after FTY withdrawal Brain MRI features of 3 representatives patients.

Figure Rapid progression of lesions after natalizumab treatment(A) MRI from February Rapid progression of lesions after natalizumab treatment(A)

Figure A 57-year-old man with relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) and new-onset ataxia A 57-year-old man with relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) and new-onset ataxia.

Figure 4 Patient 3 MRI evolution over time

Figure 3 Patient 2 MRI evolution over time before relapse

Figure 2 Patient 1 MRI evolution over time

Figure 1 MRIs MRIs (A and B) Axial FLAIR images of the brain demonstrate multifocal parenchymal lesions including the right hippocampus, right midbrain,

Figure 4 Longitudinal analysis of peripheral immune cell composition Frequency of naive, central memory (Tcm), and effector memory (Tem) CD4 T cells over.

Presentation transcript:

Figure 1 Detailed overview of treatment course and paraclinical findings Maximum intensity projection maps of supratentorial inversion recovery images show quickly progressing right frontoparietal and cerebellar progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) lesions. Detailed overview of treatment course and paraclinical findings Maximum intensity projection maps of supratentorial inversion recovery images show quickly progressing right frontoparietal and cerebellar progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) lesions. Perilesional contrast enhancement consistent with immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome was detectable at the edges of the PML lesions in the bilateral frontal lobe and ceased after initiation of high-dose corticosteroid treatment (white arrows). These PML lesions did not expand over time (white ovals). Note the differences between the lesion contrast enhancement patterns on the 7T maximum intensity projection map that visualizes both ring-enhancing multiple sclerosis lesions (red arrows) and punctate PML lesions (white asterisks). NTZ = natalizumab. Supratentorial imaging: Maximum intensity projection map of five 3T fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) images and maximum intensity projection map of 4 1.5T double inversion recovery (DIR) images with a slice thickness of 4 mm are presented. Infratentorial imaging: 3T FLAIR and 1.5T DIR images are presented. GDTPA-enhanced imaging: A maximum intensity projection map of 7T GDTPA-enhanced volumetric interpolated brain examination (VIBE) images, 7T GDTPA-enhanced VIBE images, 3T GDTPA-enhanced T1-weighted images, and 1.5T GDTPA-enhanced T1-weighted images are presented. Tim Sinnecker et al. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm 2015;2:e171 © 2015 American Academy of Neurology