New Equilibrium established  Just the Cl- Both Na+ and Cl- concentration → THE COMMON ION EFFECT Just the Na+  Equilibrium established New Equilibrium established  time→ --the dissociation of sodium chloride in water-- --and the subsequent perturbing of the system with the addition of hydrochloric acid--

Le Chatelier’s Principle An Equilibrium System that is stressed will respond to the stress in such a way as to counteract it.

Le Chatelier’s Principle An Equilibrium System that is stressed will respond to the stress in such a way as to counteract it. If the concentration of a substance is increased, the reaction that uses it will be favored until a new equilibrium is established. (Keq remains the same). If the temperature of a system is increased the endothermic process will be favored until a new equilibrium is established. (Keq changes!) If the pressure of a system is increased, the reaction that produces fewer gaseous particles will be favored until a new equilibrium is established. (Keq changes!)

The Haber Process: N2(g) + 3H2(g) ↔ 2NH3(g) + 92 kJ (typically run at 200 atm, 500 °C with an Fe catalyst!) Run at high pressures (Haber devised containers to do this) Remove NH3 as produced Run at low to medium temperatures Use a catalyst to speed up