Solutions

Solution Homogeneous mixtures containing two or more substances called the solute and the solvent.

Solute A substance dissolved in a solution

Solvent The substance that dissolves a solute to form a solution

Recall: solution: a homogeneous mixture that contain particles that don’t settle

The Dissolution Process Seven Homogeneous Possibilities Solute Solvent Example Solid Liquid salt water Liquid Liquid mixed drinks Gas Liquid carbonated beverages Liquid Solid Jello Solid Solid gold jewelry Gas Solid styrofoam Gas Gas air Two Heterogeneous Possibilities Solid Gas dust in air Liquid Gas clouds, fog

The Dissolution Process Two Heterogeneous Possibilities Solid Gas dust in air Liquid Gas clouds, fog

Describes a substance that can be dissolved in a given solvent. Soluble Describes a substance that can be dissolved in a given solvent.

Insoluble Describes a substance that cannot be dissolved in a given solvent.

Immiscible Describes two liquids that can be mixed together but separate shortly after you cease mixing them.

Miscible Describes two liquids that are soluble in each other.

Solvation When the solute surrounds the solvent to form a solution "Like dissolves like“ Polar dissolves Polar Nonpolar dissolves Nonpolar

Solvation

Solubility The maximum amount of solute that will dissolve in a given amount of solvent at a specific temperature and pressure.

Solubility

Factors that Affect Solubility Temperature Pressure

Temperature Many substances are more soluble at high temperatures (S and L)

Temperature The solubility of a gaseous solute decreases as the solution's temperature increases

Pressure affects the solubility of gaseous solutes. The solubility of a gas in any solvent increases as pressure increases. (Keep the cap on the bottle of soda.)

When temperature increases, the solubility of gases in liquid decreases.

The variety and number of organisms is controlled somewhat by the relationship between dissolved oxygen and temperature.

Solute A substance dissolved in a solution

Solvent The substance that dissolves a solute to form a solution

Which is the solute and solvent?

On the molecular level, dissolving of a solid (like sugar) occurs when molecules of solvent interact with and separate molecules of solute

Rate of Dissolving How fast one substance will dissolve in another substance.

Is how much solute dissolved in a given amount of solvent. Concentration Is how much solute dissolved in a given amount of solvent.

Concentration Two ways of describing: Concentrated Dilute

Dilute Small amount of solute in a large amount of solvent Concentrated Large amount of solute in a small amount of solvent

Molarity The number of moles of solute dissolved per liter of solution; Molarity = moles of solute liters of solution

Saturated vs Unsaturated

Saturated - Contains the maximum amount of dissolved solute for a given amount of solvent at a specific temperature and pressure.

Unsaturated - Contains less dissolved solute for a given temperature and pressure than a saturated solution.

Supersaturated - Contains more dissolved solute than a saturated solution at the same temperature.  

Supersaturated Sodium Acetate Supersaturated Solution

Solubility of KClO3 Supersaturated Saturated Unsaturated

Solubility of KClO3 Supersaturated Saturated Unsaturated