Chap. 7 : Cellular Respiration -- the making of ATP by breaking down organic compounds (mostly glucose) Glycolysis -- glucose splits into 2 pyruvic acids -- occurs in the cytoplasm -- requires 2 ATPs but produces 4 so net gain of 2 ATPs -- also produces 2 NADH (high energy)molecules

The end result is 2 pyruvates, 2 H2O,2NADH, and 2 ATP

II. Fermentation – occurs in the absence of oxygen (anaerobic) II. Fermentation – occurs in the absence of oxygen (anaerobic). Done in cytoplasm 1. Lactic Acid Fermentation -- changing of pyruvic acid from glycolysis into lactic acid -- does not produce ATP so no energy but produces NAD+ that is used to continue glycolysis **** We can intentionally use to make things like yogurt, cheese, sauerkraut **** Lactic acid builds up in muscles causing them to cramp,fatigue, and pain

2. Alcoholic Fermentation – converts pyruvic acid into ethyl alcohol (ethanol) Accomplished by yeast – used to make beer and wine and if CO2 stays trapped then champagne. In bread making the escaping of CO2 makes air bubbles, the alcohol evaporates while baking *** Anaerobic respiration only produces enough energy for unicellular or small multicellular organisms to survive.

III. Aerobic Respiration – occurs when O2 is available for pyruvic acid after glycolysis Occurs in cytoplasm in prokaryotes and in mitochondria of eukaryotes. 3 parts : 1.changing pyruvic acid into Acetyl CoA with the use of CoA enzyme. Makes 2 NADH 2. Krebs Cycle-p.138

The end result of Krebs Cycle – 1 glucose molecule makes : 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP, and 4 CO2 (everything doubled because it started with 2 pyruvic acids from glucose so goes through Krebs Cycle twice) 3. Electron Transport Chain (chemiosmosis) or oxidative phosphorylation-changing ADP into ATP by reducing NADH to NAD+ and FADH2 to FAD IV. Electron Transport Chain (ETC) *** most important step for making energy (ATP) for cell. --- occurs in cristae of mitochondria. ATP synthase molecules line membrane. Chemiosmosis (changing ADP into ATP) occurs here by proton concentration differences.

A. Overall Energy Output from Respiration 1 NADH = 3ATP 1 FADH2 = 2 ATP Glycolysis = 2 ATP + 2NADH = 8 ATP total making Acetyl CoA = 2 NADH = 6 ATP Krebs Cycle = 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2ATP = 18 + 4 + 2 = 24 Total ATP from the splitting of one glucose molecule = 38 ATP