14.1 Reform and Radical Movements Pgs. 244-249

Reform and Radical Movements The 2nd half the 19th century witnessed the development of several radical movements. Socialism developed. Universal privilege to vote. More civil liberties were available to all people, especially in France and Britain. Reform and Radical Movements

Socialism Socialism has many applications. It refers to the government ownership of business. Socially it refers the welfare of the group. It is founded on the belief that man is good, and society has corrupted them.

Socialism Socialism was a reaction to capitalism. A small number of people controlled the wealth. Socialism pressed for equality by reconstructing society so the workers controlled the money. Stressed harmony and cooperation.

Socialism Instead of competition, they sought a system where everyone cooperated for the common good. Socialism has several forms. Utopian Socialism – people are products of environment. Wanted improvements of their environment. Christian Socialism – They advocated the good news of Jesus. Distorted some of the Bible.

Marxism Karl Marx was a student of philosophy and history. He believed in violent revolution if necessary, forcing many countries to expel him. In Paris, Marx met Friedrich Engels, and together they wrote the Communist Manifesto (1848).

Marxism Marx and Engels insisted that history is a series of class struggles. They declared this would end when the proletariat (laborers) united against the bourgeoisie (capitalists). Then the workers would overthrow the system and establish a classless society.

Marxism Marx believed that private ownership of property and private control of wealth were evil. Small number of people controlling most of the wealth. Marx sought to end these unfair practices. He believed a violent revolution would end this.

Marxism Marx believed communism (common ownership of property) would result when the laborers established their own dictatorship. Marx was a materialist. Marx didn’t like religion; especially Christianity. He believed that belief in Jesus kept the laborers in bondage. Why?

Marxism He believed that religion drugged people from reality. Marx rejected God in every way. He believed history was moved forward because of social conflicts.

Women’s Suffrage The privilege to vote, or suffrage became a popular movement in English speaking countries in the 19th and 20th Centuries. Women began to demand the right to vote. Women, however, struggled to find people to support them in their quest.

Women’s Suffrage In England, even when women gained some support in Parliament, the majority refused to give them the right to vote. Women in America suffered the same fate.

Women’s Suffrage Women such as Lydia Becker led the fight for women’s suffrage in Britain. She established the National Union of Women’s Suffrage Societies. Despite this, women did not gain the right to vote until after World War I. Some women took it a step further, and practiced civil disobedience in these times. Rosa Parks

Britain's Temperance Movement Christians and other members of British society began to be troubled by alcohol abuse. Societies were formed to battle drunkenness by supporting temperance. They soon realized abstinence was the most effective.

Britain's Temperance Movement Two groups that formed were the British Association for the Promotion of Temperance and the Band of Hope which tried to protect working class children from alcohol.

Britain's Temperance Movement Division came, when some proposed a ban on alcohol. Restricting beer sales led to rioting. Laws that prohibited alcohol were overturned. In 1873, a Catholic Abstinence group formed the League of the Cross to try and combat drinking.

America’s Temperance Movement America also struggled with drunkenness. Temperance societies formed here as well. Women formed the Women’s Christian Temperance Union to educate the public on the evils of alcohol. They worked with students.

America’s Temperance Movement These groups were able to pass the 18th Amendment to the Constitution. This was overturned with the 21st Amendment.

WB pgs. 111-112

Reform in Western Europe Britain and France are 2 examples of political and social reform. In the midst of the change, one ugly reality reemerged and continued to become prominent as nations rushed toward the 20th Century.

British Reform Prior to the mid 1800s, British government maintained high tariffs. These taxes protected those who produced things in Britain. However, the high prices burdened the people.

British Reform In 1846, the Parliament repealed the Corn Laws. This allowed merchants to import cheaper grain and lowered costs for everyone. Britain began to move toward a free trade economy. This resulted in prosperity.

British Reform While people had moved to cities, the Parliament didn’t represent this change. The Reform Bill of 1832 gave the right to vote to the middle class. However, the working class was still not allowed to vote.

British Reform Chartism developed among the working class to try to accomplish these goals. Member of this movement demanded universal voting rights. They also supported secret ballots. This movement failed, but overtime many issues became law.

British Reform In 1867, Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli succeeded in doubling the number of men who could vote. The Reform Act of 1867, gave all males who owned land the right to vote. This increased the eligible voters by 2 million.

British Reform In 1918, women over the age of 30 were finally granted the right to vote. By 1928, all women were granted suffrage.

British Reform Disraeli’s political opponent, William Gladstone stressed domestic reform. Gladstone established a national court system and voting by secret ballot. He also labored to improve the school system. He believed an educated public would produce an informed voter.

British Reform Throughout this time period, the House of Lords struggled to retain power over the House of Commons. However, the Parliament Bill of 1911 stated that the House of Lords could no longer veto laws passed by the House of Commons. This changed the balance of power.

French Reform France suffered devastation, as Napoleon failed to conquer Europe. Instability plagued France. Monarchy returned to France but was quickly overthrown during the Revolution of 1848.

French Reform The French then elected Louis Napoleon Bonaparte as president. He followed his uncle’s example, and declared himself president for life. In 1852, he gave himself the title of Emperor of France as Napoleon III. He established the Second Empire, and remained in power until being overthrown in 1870.

French Reform During his reign, France grew in several areas. Industry developed. French families moved into cities. The French economy expanded as the Industrial Revolution hit. He allowed the free press and labor unions.

French Reform He also increased suffrage. However, a disastrous war with Germany humiliated France. The forces of the newly formed Third Republic captured and got rid of Louis Napoleon. He spent the rest of his life in England.

Jews in Europe Anti-Semitism has a long history. Animosity toward the Jews grew into a smoldering ember ready to burst into flames.

Jews in Germany German composer Richard Wagner proved a glimpse into German anti- Semitism when he wrote an essay in 1850 attacking Jewish composers. He opposed Jewish influence on German culture.

Jews in Germany Also, in 1878, the Lutheran Court chaplain Kaiser Wilhelm I informed the Christian Social Party to resist Jewish influence.

Jews in France The Dreyfus Affair exposed anti- Semitism in France. Dreyfus, served a captain in the French army. In 1894, the French accused him of passing secrets to Germany. He was convicted and sentenced to life in prison on Devil’s Island.

Jews in Russia Many Jews migrated to Russia.. Some were fleeing persecution. The czars welcomed people because of their strong work ethic. By the 19th century, Russians began to question the Jews.

Jews in Russia As violence increased in Russia, the Jews were blamed. Russian authorities and citizens began to murder Jews no matter their age or gender. The term pogrom was first used to refer to a sweeping, targeted, and repeated attack on Jews in Russia.

14.1 Section Quiz